{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:15:51Z","timestamp":1790144151816,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]],"date-time":"2000-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":973036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The rat model of\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            pneumonia is frequently used to study human\n            <jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            infection, but there are many differences between the rat and human infections. We studied naturally acquired\n            <jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            in wild rats to examine the relevance of the rat model for human infection.\n            <jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            DNA was detected in 47 of 51 wild rats and in 10 of 12 nonimmunosuppressed laboratory rats. Evidence for three novel formae speciales of rat-derived\n            <jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            was found, and these were provisionally named\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            f. sp.\n            <jats:italic>rattus-secundi<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            f. sp.\n            <jats:italic>rattus-tertii<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            f. sp.\n            <jats:italic>rattus-quarti<\/jats:italic>\n            . Our data suggest that low-level carriage of\n            <jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            in wild rats and nonimmunosuppressed laboratory rats is common and that wild rats are frequently coinfected with more than one forma specialis of\n            <jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            . We also examined the diversity in the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear rRNA operon of\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            f. sp.\n            <jats:italic>carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            by using samples from wild rats and laboratory rats and spore trap samples. We report a lack of variation in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions that is consistent with an evolutionary bottleneck in the\n            <jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            f. sp.\n            <jats:italic>carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            population. This study shows that human- and rat-derived\n            <jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            organisms are very different, not only in genetic composition but also in population structure and natural history.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.66.11.4954-4961.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:55:30Z","timestamp":1027763730000},"page":"4954-4961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Population Structure of Rat-Derived\n            <i>Pneumocystis carinii<\/i>\n            in Danish Wild Rats"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osvald P.","family":"Settnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,2 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Lodal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory, Lyngby,3 Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann E.","family":"Wakefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1996.tb04960.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1996.tb04980.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91468-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-47-4-329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1996.tb04983.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01186.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.5.1217-1223.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.38.1.61.72"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.2.329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/91.12.813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.6.842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1996.tb04962.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"107S","article-title":"Interactions of two Pneumocystis carinii populations within rat lungs.","volume":"46","author":"Icenhour C. 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