{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:35:32Z","timestamp":1791333332717,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]],"date-time":"2000-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":951868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study investigated the biodegradation of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in liquid media and soil by bacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                    VUN 10,010 and bacterial consortium VUN 10,009) and a fungus (\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium janthinellum<\/jats:italic>\n                    VUO 10,201) that were isolated from separate creosote- and manufactured-gas plant-contaminated soils. The bacteria could use pyrene as their sole carbon and energy source in a basal salts medium (BSM) and mineralized significant amounts of benzo[\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]pyrene cometabolically when pyrene was also present in BSM.\n                    <jats:italic>P. janthinellum<\/jats:italic>\n                    VUO 10,201 could not utilize any high-molecular-weight PAH as sole carbon and energy source but could partially degrade these if cultured in a nutrient broth. Although small amounts of chrysene, benz[\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]anthracene, benzo[\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]pyrene, and dibenz[\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]anthracene were degraded by axenic cultures of these isolates in BSM containing a single PAH, such conditions did not support significant microbial growth or PAH mineralization. However, significant degradation of, and microbial growth on, pyrene, chrysene, benz[\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]anthracene, benzo[\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]pyrene, and dibenz[\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]anthracene, each as a single PAH in BSM, occurred when\n                    <jats:italic>P. janthinellum<\/jats:italic>\n                    VUO 10,201 and either bacterial consortium VUN 10,009 or\n                    <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                    VUN 10,010 were combined in the one culture, i.e., fungal-bacterial cocultures: 25% of the benzo[\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]pyrene was mineralized to CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    by these cocultures over 49 days, accompanied by transient accumulation and disappearance of intermediates detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Inoculation of fungal-bacterial cocultures into PAH-contaminated soil resulted in significantly improved degradation of high-molecular-weight PAHs, benzo[\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]pyrene mineralization (53% of added [\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]benzo[\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]pyrene was recovered as\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in 100 days), and reduction in the mutagenicity of organic soil extracts, compared with the indigenous microbes and soil amended with only axenic inocula.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.66.3.1007-1019.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T05:55:30Z","timestamp":1027749330000},"page":"1007-1019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":504,"title":["Degradation and Mineralization of High-Molecular-Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Defined Fungal-Bacterial Cocultures"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Sudarat","family":"Boonchan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Centre for Bioprocessing and Food Technology1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret L.","family":"Britz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Centre for Bioprocessing and Food Technology1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant A.","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->School of Life Sciences and Technology,2 Victoria University of Technology, Werribee Campus, Melbourne, Australia 8001"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530050875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00191197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.7.2554-2559.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.5.1597-1603.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.6.1927-1930.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0290(19980820)59:4<482::AID-BIT11>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00170638"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.9.3117-3121.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.55.1.154-158.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3925550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00129093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)86445-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)70764-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Collins\nC. 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