{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:55:07Z","timestamp":1793332507428,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]],"date-time":"2000-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":959817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    are members of the\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    group of bacteria, demonstrating widely different phenotypes and pathological effects.\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    causes the acute fatal disease anthrax and is a potential biological weapon due to its high toxicity.\n                    <jats:italic>B. thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    produces intracellular protein crystals toxic to a wide number of insect larvae and is the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide.\n                    <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a probably ubiquitous soil bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen that is a common cause of food poisoning. In contrast to the differences in phenotypes, we show by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and by sequence analysis of nine chromosomal genes that\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    should be considered a lineage of\n                    <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This determination is not only a formal matter of taxonomy but may also have consequences with respect to virulence and the potential of horizontal gene transfer within the\n                    <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    group.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.66.6.2627-2630.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T05:55:30Z","timestamp":1027749330000},"page":"2627-2630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":910,"title":["<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>Bacillus cereus<\/i>\n                    , and\n                    <i>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/i>\n                    \u2014One Species on the Basis of Genetic Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Erlendur","family":"Helgason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo,1 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy,2 Blindern, 0349 Oslo, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole Andreas","family":"\u00d8kstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo,1 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy,2 Blindern, 0349 Oslo, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique A.","family":"Caugant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Public Health, Torshov, 0403 Oslo,3 Norway, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning A.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Fouet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Toxines et Pathogenie Bacteriennes, URA 2172 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miche\u0301le","family":"Mock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Toxines et Pathogenie Bacteriennes, URA 2172 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Hegna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo,1 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy,2 Blindern, 0349 Oslo, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Brit","family":"Kolst\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo,1 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy,2 Blindern, 0349 Oslo, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01419.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-41-3-343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.4.1623-1626.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.6.1719-1725.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00685.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(64)90217-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.22.6951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.7.1847-1850.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002849900343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1615-1622.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1978.tb00414.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.3.818-824.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"189","article-title":"MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software for microcomputers.","volume":"10","author":"Kumar S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kumar S. 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