{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:14:06Z","timestamp":1779916446921,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]],"date-time":"2001-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1004572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Moraxella osloensis<\/jats:italic>\n            , a gram-negative bacterium, is associated with\n            <jats:italic>Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita<\/jats:italic>\n            , a nematode parasite of slugs. This bacterium-feeding nematode has potential for the biological control of slugs, especially the grey garden slug,\n            <jats:italic>Deroceras reticulatum<\/jats:italic>\n            . Infective juveniles of\n            <jats:italic>P. hermaphrodita<\/jats:italic>\n            invade the shell cavity of the slug, develop into self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, and produce progeny, resulting in host death. However, the role of the associated bacterium in the pathogenicity of the nematode to the slug is unknown. We discovered that\n            <jats:italic>M. osloensis<\/jats:italic>\n            alone is pathogenic to\n            <jats:italic>D. reticulatum<\/jats:italic>\n            after injection into the shell cavity or hemocoel of the slug. The bacteria from 60-h cultures were more pathogenic than the bacteria from 40-h cultures, as indicated by the higher and more rapid mortality of the slugs injected with the former. Coinjection of penicillin and streptomycin with the 60-h bacterial culture reduced its pathogenicity to the slug. Further work suggested that the reduction and loss of pathogenicity of the aged infective juveniles of\n            <jats:italic>P. hermaphrodita<\/jats:italic>\n            to\n            <jats:italic>D. reticulatum<\/jats:italic>\n            result from the loss of\n            <jats:italic>M. osloensis<\/jats:italic>\n            from the aged nematodes. Also, axenic J1\/J2 nematodes were nonpathogenic after injection into the shell cavity. Therefore, we conclude that the bacterium is the sole killing agent of\n            <jats:italic>D. reticulatum<\/jats:italic>\n            in the nematode-bacterium complex and that\n            <jats:italic>P. hermaphrodita<\/jats:italic>\n            acts only as a vector to transport the bacterium into the shell cavity of the slug. The identification of the toxic metabolites produced by\n            <jats:italic>M. osloensis<\/jats:italic>\n            is being pursued.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.67.11.5010-5016.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:00:58Z","timestamp":1027764058000},"page":"5010-5016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Pathogenicity of\n            <i>Moraxella osloensis<\/i>\n            , a Bacterium Associated with the Nematode\n            <i>Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita<\/i>\n            , to the Slug\n            <i>Deroceras reticulatum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parwinder S.","family":"Grewal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"296","article-title":"Genus II. Moraxella Lwoff 1939, 173 emend, Henriksen and Bovre 1986, 391\n                     AL","volume":"1","author":"Bovre K.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bovre K. Genus II. Moraxella Lwoff 1939, 173 emend, Henriksen and Bovre 1986, 391AL Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology Krieg N. R. Holt J. 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A.\n1997\n135\n143\nAmerican Chemical Society\nWashington D.C.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1997-0658.ch010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godan\nD.\nPest slugs and snails: biology and control.\n1983\nSpringer-Verlag\nBerlin Germany","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-68797-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grewal\nP. S.\nGeorgis\nR.\nEntomopathogenic nematodes\nBiopesticides: use and delivery.\nHall\nF. R.\nMenn\nJ. J.\n1999\n271\n279\nHumana Press\nTotowa N.J","DOI":"10.1385\/0-89603-515-8:271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bcon.2001.0958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.22.5989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800057708"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Riddle\nD. L.\nThe dauer larva\nThe nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.\nWood\nW. 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Parasitol in press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09583159309355306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"159","article-title":"Monoxenic culture of the slug parasite Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with different bacteria in liquid and solid phase.","volume":"18","author":"Wilson M. J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wilson M. J. Glen D. M. Pearce J. D. Rodgers P. B. Monoxenic culture of the slug parasite Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with different bacteria in liquid and solid phase. Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 18 1995 159 166","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Nematol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"419","article-title":"Selection of a bacterium for the mass production of Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) as a biocontrol agent for slugs.","volume":"18","author":"Wilson M. J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wilson M. J. Glen D. M. George S. K. Pearce J. D. 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