{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:22:44Z","timestamp":1793038964654,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]],"date-time":"2001-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":983404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Recent molecular characterizations of\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            parasites make it possible to differentiate the human-pathogenic\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            parasites from those that do not infect humans and to track the source of\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            oocyst contamination in the environment. In this study, we used a small-subunit rRNA-based PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique to detect and characterize\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            oocysts in 55 samples of raw surface water collected from several areas in the United States and 49 samples of raw wastewater collected from Milwaukee, Wis.\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            parasites were detected in 25 surface water samples and 12 raw wastewater samples.\n            <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n            human and bovine genotypes were the dominant\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            parasites in the surface water samples from sites where there was potential contamination by humans and cattle, whereas\n            <jats:italic>C. andersoni<\/jats:italic>\n            was the most common parasite in wastewater. There may be geographic differences in the distribution of\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            genotypes in surface water. The PCR-RFLP technique can be a useful alternative method for detection and differentiation of\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            parasites in water.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.67.3.1097-1101.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:00:58Z","timestamp":1027764058000},"page":"1097-1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":267,"title":["Molecular Characterization of\n            <i>Cryptosporidium<\/i>\n            Oocysts in Samples of Raw Surface Water and Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Lihua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 303411;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajaib","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->City of Milwaukee Public Health Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 532022; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Limor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 303411;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaddeus K.","family":"Graczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 212053"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Gradus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->City of Milwaukee Public Health Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 532022; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Altaf","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 303411;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(99)00087-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(98)00050-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.8.3427-3432.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.3.1070-1074.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1434-4610(98)70017-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13674.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.11.3849-3855.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(98)00106-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.9.2617-2621.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.9.2610-2616.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.6.2081-2085.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017920"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00109-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1180-1183.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0503.990318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.2.841-845.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.1.106-114.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.5.2029-2037.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.18.1.135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01150-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.9.3385-3390.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(99)00071-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","unstructured":"U. 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