{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:40:19Z","timestamp":1792176019844,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,1]],"date-time":"2001-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":999302400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The dry-composting toilet, which uses neither water nor sewage infrastructure, is a practical solution in areas with inadequate sewage disposal and where water is limited. These systems are becoming increasingly popular and are promoted to sanitize human excreta and to recycle them into fertilizer for nonedible plants, yet there are few data on the safety of this technology. This study analyzed fecal coliform reduction in approximately 90 prefabricated, dry-composting toilets (Sistema Integral de Reciclamiento de Desechos Orga\u0301nicos [SIRDOs]) that were installed on the U.S.-Mexico border in Ciudad Jua\u0301rez, Chihuahua, Mexico. The purpose of this study was to determine fecal coliform reduction over time and the most probable method of this reduction. Biosolid waste samples were collected and analyzed at approximately 3 and 6 months and were classified based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards. Results showed that class A compost (high grade) was present in only 35.8% of SIRDOs after 6 months. The primary mechanism for fecal coliform reduction was found to be desiccation rather than biodegradation. There was a significant correlation (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.008) between classification rating and percent moisture categories of the biosolid samples: drier samples had a greater proportion of class A samples. Solar exposure was critical for maximal class A biosolid end products (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.001). This study only addressed fecal coliforms as an indicator organism, and further research is necessary to determine the safety of composting toilets with respect to other pathogenic microorganisms, some of which are more resistant to desiccation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.67.9.4036-4040.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:03:59Z","timestamp":1027764239000},"page":"4036-4040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Survival of Fecal Coliforms in Dry-Composting Toilets"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Redlinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Biological Sciences1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Center for Environmental Resource Management,2 The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vero\u0301nica","family":"Corella-Barud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Center for Environmental Resource Management,2 The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Avitia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Center for Environmental Resource Management,2 The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Brown\nL.\nWho will feed China: wake-up call for a small planet. W. W.\n1997\nNorton & Co.\nNew York N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Clesceri\nL. S.\nGreenberg\nA. E.\nEaton\nA.\nStandard methods for the examination of water and wastewater\n20th ed.\n1998\nAmerican Public Health Association\nWashington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"del Porto\nD.\nSteinffeld\nC.\nThe composting toilet system book.\n1998\nCenter for Ecological Pollution Prevention\nConcord N.H."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(74)90147-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Esrey\nS.\nGough\nJ.\nRapaport\nD.\nSawyer\nR.\nSimpson-Hebert\nM.\nVargas\nJ.\nWindlad\nU.\nEcological sanitation\n1998\nSida\nStockholm Sweden"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"1222","article-title":"Microbiology of water.","volume":"49","author":"Geldreich E.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Geldreich E. Microbiology of water. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 49 1977 1222 1244","journal-title":"Water Pollut. Control Fed."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"98","article-title":"Fecal coliform concepts in stream pollution.","volume":"114","author":"Geldreich E.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Geldreich E. Fecal coliform concepts in stream pollution. Water Sewage Works 114 1967 98 110","journal-title":"Water Sewage Works"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Harper\nP.\nHalestrap\nL.\nLifting the lid.\n1999\nBiddles Ltd.\nLondon England"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer\nD.\nLemeshow\nS.\nApplied logistic regression.\n1989\nJohn Wiley & Sons\nNew York N.Y","DOI":"10.2307\/2531779"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Jenkins\nJ.\nThe Humanure\n2nd ed.\n1999\nJenkins Publishing\nGrove City Pa"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Stauffer\nJ.\nThe water crisis.\n1998\nEarthscan Publications Ltd.\nLondon England"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Stenstrom\nT.\nWater microbiology for the 21st century.\n1996\nStockholm Water Symposium\nStockholm Sweden"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.42.5.918-920.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"United Nations Conference on Human Settlements\nHabitat II dialogue III: water for thirsty cities.\n1996\nUnited Nations Conference on Human Settlements\nIstanbul Turkey"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"United Nations Conference on Human Settlements\nWater crisis to strike most developing world cities by 2010. Habitat press release\n1996\nUnited Nations Conference on Human Settlements\nNairobi Kenya"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\nA plain English guide to the EPA part 503 biosolids rule.\n1994\nOffice of Wastewater Management U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\nWashington D.C."}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.67.9.4036-4040.2001","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.67.9.4036-4040.2001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T11:59:13Z","timestamp":1645617553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.67.9.4036-4040.2001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.67.9.4036-4040.2001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.67.9.4036-4040.2001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2001-04-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2001-06-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2001-09-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}