{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T07:33:16Z","timestamp":1776583996381,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,1]],"date-time":"2002-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The stability of heterologous proteins secreted by gram-positive bacteria is greatly influenced by the microenvironment on the\n            <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\n            side of the cytoplasmic membrane, and secreted heterologous proteins are susceptible to rapid degradation by host cell proteases. In\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis,<\/jats:italic>\n            degradation occurs either as the proteins emerge from the presecretory translocase and prior to folding into their native conformation or after the native conformation has been reached. The former process generally involves membrane- and\/or cell wall-bound proteases, while the latter involves proteases that are released into the culture medium. The identification and manipulation of factors that influence the folding of heterologous proteins has the potential to improve the yield of secreted heterologous proteins. Recombinant anthrax protective antigen (rPA) has been used as a model secreted heterologous protein because it is sensitive to proteolytic degradation both before and after folding into its native conformation. This paper describes the influence of the microenvironment on the\n            <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\n            side of the cytoplasmic membrane on the stability of rPA. Specifically, we have determined the influence of net cell wall charge and its modulation by the extent to which the anionic polymer teichoic acid is\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanylated on the secretion and stability of rPA. The potential role of the\n            <jats:italic>dlt<\/jats:italic>\n            operon, responsible for\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanylation, was investigated using a\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n            strain encoding an inducible\n            <jats:italic>dlt<\/jats:italic>\n            operon. We show that, in the absence of\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanylation, the yield of secreted rPA is increased 2.5-fold. The function of\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanylation and the use of rPA as a model protein are evaluated with respect to the optimization of\n            <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n            for the secretion of heterologous proteins.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.68.1.227-234.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:00:58Z","timestamp":1027764058000},"page":"227-234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Optimization of the Cell Wall Microenvironment Allows Increased Production of Recombinant\n            <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n            Protective Antigen from\n            <i>B. subtilis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Joanne E.","family":"Thwaite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biochemistry and Genetics"},{"name":"Defence Science and Technical Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Sciences, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Les W. J.","family":"Baillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science and Technical Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Sciences, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noel M.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin R.","family":"Harwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter T.","family":"Emmerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biochemistry and Genetics"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.81.5.741-746.1961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"381","year":"1993","unstructured":"Archibald, A. 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