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A newly developed PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) used in this survey detected more than 80% of samples inoculated with fewer than 10<jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>spores per 25 g and 100% of samples inoculated with more than 30<jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>spores per 25 g. The percent agreement between PCR-ELISA and mouse bioassay was 88.9%, and PCR-ELISA detected more positive samples than the mouse bioassay did. The prevalence of<jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>in seawater fish and sediment was 16.6 and 4%, respectively, corresponding to 3.5 to 7 and 1 to 2<jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>most-probable-number counts, respectively, and is in the low range of<jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>contamination reported elsewhere. The toxin type identification of the 31 naturally contaminated samples was 71% type B, 22.5% type A, and 9.6% type E. Type F was not detected. The high prevalence of<jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>type B in fish samples is relatively unusual compared with the high prevalence of<jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>type E reported in many worldwide and northern European surveys. However, fish processing and fish preparation in France have not been identified as a significant hazard for human type B botulism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.68.12.5870-5876.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,26]],"date-time":"2002-11-26T00:04:48Z","timestamp":1038269088000},"page":"5870-5876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Detection by PCR-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay of<i>Clostridium botulinum<\/i>in Fish and Environmental Samples from a Coastal Area in Northern France"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Fach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur l'Hygie\u0300ne et la Qualite\u0301 des Aliments (LERHQA), Agence Franc\u0327aise de Se\u0301curite\u0301 Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Unite\u0301 ATB, 94700 Maisons-Alfort"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Perelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur l'Hygie\u0300ne et la Qualite\u0301 des Aliments (LERHQA), Agence Franc\u0327aise de Se\u0301curite\u0301 Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Unite\u0301 ATB, 94700 Maisons-Alfort"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franc\u0327oise","family":"Dilasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur l'Hygie\u0300ne et la Qualite\u0301 des Aliments (LERHQA), Agence Franc\u0327aise de Se\u0301curite\u0301 Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Unite\u0301 ATB, 94700 Maisons-Alfort"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe\u0308l","family":"Grout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur l'Hygie\u0300ne et la Qualite\u0301 des Aliments (LERHQA), Agence Franc\u0327aise de Se\u0301curite\u0301 Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Unite\u0301 ATB, 94700 Maisons-Alfort"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Dargaignaratz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR A408 Se\u0301curite\u0301 et Qualite\u0301 des Produits d'Origine Ve\u0301ge\u0301tale, 84914 Avignon cedex 9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucien","family":"Botella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR A408 Se\u0301curite\u0301 et Qualite\u0301 des Produits d'Origine Ve\u0301ge\u0301tale, 84914 Avignon cedex 9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marie","family":"Gourreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Pathologie Animale et Zoonoses (LERPAZ), AFSSA, 94703 Maisons-Alfort"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fre\u0301de\u0301ric","family":"Carlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR A408 Se\u0301curite\u0301 et Qualite\u0301 des Produits d'Origine Ve\u0301ge\u0301tale, 84914 Avignon cedex 9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel R.","family":"Popoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence des Anae\u0301robies, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ve\u0301ronique","family":"Broussolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR A408 Se\u0301curite\u0301 et Qualite\u0301 des Produits d'Origine Ve\u0301ge\u0301tale, 84914 Avignon cedex 9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1997.00204.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-64.2.201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1998.00420.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.9.2255-2262.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-58.6.614"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"37","volume":"9","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carlier, J. 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