{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:05:59Z","timestamp":1791266759309,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]],"date-time":"2002-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1017619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Transposon insertional mutants of\n            <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            were constructed to identify genes involved in osmotolerance, and one mutant that showed reduced growth under high osmotic pressure was obtained. The cloned gene from the transposon insertion site of the mutant, named\n            <jats:italic>rel<\/jats:italic>\n            , was 2,214 bp in length and had very high homology to\n            <jats:italic>relA<\/jats:italic>\n            of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n            , which encodes guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp) [collectively designated (p)ppGpp] synthetase during stringent response. The mutant showed a deficiency in (p)ppGpp accumulation. In the parental strain, the amount of intracellular (p)ppGpp was not increased after an osmotic upshift but was slightly decreased compared with the level before the upward shift. The reduced osmotolerance of the mutant was restored to a level almost equal to that of the parent strain when the chromosomal region that included\n            <jats:italic>rel<\/jats:italic>\n            of\n            <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            was introduced into the mutant. After exposure to methyl glucoside, the\n            <jats:italic>rel<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant accumulated (p)ppGpp at a higher level than the basal level and partially restored the ability to grow in NaCl-supplemented brain heart infusion broth. The mutant was found to grow in chemically defined minimal medium supplemented with glycine betaine or carnitine, so-called compatible solutes, and 4% NaCl. Our results suggest that the appropriate intracellular concentration of (p)ppGpp is essential for full osmotolerance in\n            <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            and that its mechanism is different from that for the accumulation of compatible solutes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.68.4.1541-1547.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:59:40Z","timestamp":1027763980000},"page":"1541-1547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Cloning of\n            <i>rel<\/i>\n            from\n            <i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>\n            as an Osmotolerance Involvement Gene"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Okada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health, The National Institute of Public Health, Tokyo 108-8638"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sou-ichi","family":"Makino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Tobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Infection, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiko","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouji","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health, The National Institute of Public Health, Tokyo 108-8638"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.17.4547-4554.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.4.1359-1363.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.17.5364-5371.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"1458","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cashel. 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