{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:17:54Z","timestamp":1773922674054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,1]],"date-time":"2002-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1028160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Bacillary dysentery caused by\n            <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n            species is a public health problem in developing countries including Bangladesh. Although, shigellae-contaminated food and drinks are often the source of the epidemic's spread, the possible presence of the pathogen and transmission of it through environmental waters have not been adequately examined. We analyzed surface waters collected in Dhaka, Bangladesh, for the presence of shigellae by a combination of PCR assays followed by concentration and culturing of PCR-positive samples. Analysis of 128 water samples by PCR assays for\n            <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n            -specific virulence genes including\n            <jats:italic>ipaBCD<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>ipaH<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>stx1<\/jats:italic>\n            identified 14 (10.9%) samples which were positive for one or more of these virulence genes. Concentration of the PCR-positive samples by filtration followed by culturing identified live\n            <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n            species in 11 of the 14 PCR-positive samples. Analysis of rRNA gene restriction patterns (ribotype) showed that the environmental isolates shared ribotypes with a collection of clinical isolates, but in contrast to the clinical isolates, 10 of the 11 environmental isolates were either negative or carried deletions in the plasmid-encoded invasion-associated genes\n            <jats:italic>ipaB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>ipaC<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>ipaD<\/jats:italic>\n            . However, all environmental\n            <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates were positive for the chromosomal multicopy invasion-associated gene\n            <jats:italic>ipaH<\/jats:italic>\n            and all\n            <jats:italic>Shigella dysenteriae<\/jats:italic>\n            type 1 isolates were positive for the\n            <jats:italic>stx1<\/jats:italic>\n            gene in addition to\n            <jats:italic>ipaH<\/jats:italic>\n            . This study demonstrated the presence of\n            <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n            in the aquatic environment and dispersion of different virulence genes among these isolates which appear to constitute an environmental reservoir of\n            <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n            -specific virulence genes. Since critical virulence genes in\n            <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n            are carried by plasmids or mobile genetic elements, the environmental gene pool may contribute to an optimum combination of genes, causing the emergence of virulent\n            <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n            strains which is facilitated in particular by close contact of the population with surface waters in Bangladesh.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.68.8.3908-3913.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T19:36:19Z","timestamp":1033500979000},"page":"3908-3913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Isolation of\n            <i>Shigella dysenteriae<\/i>\n            Type 1 and\n            <i>S. flexneri<\/i>\n            Strains from Surface Waters in Bangladesh: Comparative Molecular Analysis of Environmental\n            <i>Shigella<\/i>\n            Isolates versus Clinical Strains"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Shah M.","family":"Faruque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasel","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kamruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University 1-1, Sakai-shi, Osaka 599-8531"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Q. Shafi","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tasnim","family":"Azim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. Balakrish","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshifumi","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Jissen Women's University, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"9-86","year":"1992","unstructured":"American Public Health Association. 1992. Detection of pathogenic bacteria, p. 9-86-9-100. In A. E. Greenberg, L. S. Clesceri, and A. D. 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