{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:32:07Z","timestamp":1791113527071,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The resistance of polylactide to biodegradation and the physical properties of this polymer can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -lactic acid to\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -lactic acid. Although the largest demand is for the\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            enantiomer, substantial amounts of both enantiomers are required for bioplastics. We constructed derivatives of\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            W3110 (prototrophic) as new biocatalysts for the production of\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -lactic acid. These strains (SZ40, SZ58, and SZ63) require only mineral salts as nutrients and lack all plasmids and antibiotic resistance genes used during construction.\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -Lactic acid production by these new strains approached the theoretical maximum yield of two molecules per glucose molecule. The chemical purity of this\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -lactic acid was \u223c98% with respect to soluble organic compounds. The optical purity exceeded 99%. Competing pathways were eliminated by chromosomal inactivation of genes encoding fumarate reductase (\n            <jats:italic>frdABCD<\/jats:italic>\n            ), alcohol\/aldehyde dehydrogenase (\n            <jats:italic>adhE<\/jats:italic>\n            ), and pyruvate formate lyase (\n            <jats:italic>pflB<\/jats:italic>\n            ). The cell yield and lactate productivity were increased by a further mutation in the acetate kinase gene (\n            <jats:italic>ackA<\/jats:italic>\n            ). Similar improvements could be achieved by addition of 10 mM acetate or by an initial period of aeration. All three approaches reduced the time required to complete the fermentation of 5% glucose. The use of mineral salts medium, the lack of antibiotic resistance genes or plasmids, the high yield of\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -lactate, and the high product purity should reduce costs associated with nutrients, purification, containment, biological oxygen demand, and waste treatment.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.69.1.399-407.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,3]],"date-time":"2003-01-03T22:02:44Z","timestamp":1041631364000},"page":"399-407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":209,"title":["Production of Optically Pure\n            <scp>d<\/scp>\n            -Lactic Acid in Mineral Salts Medium by Metabolically Engineered\n            <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n            W3110"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Shengde","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. B.","family":"Causey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Hasona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. T.","family":"Shanmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. 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