{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:28:21Z","timestamp":1791872901357,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n In response to a bioterrorism attack in the Washington, D.C., area in October 2001, a mobile laboratory (ML) was set up in the city to conduct rapid molecular tests on environmental samples for the presence of\n Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n spores and to route samples for further culture analysis. The ML contained class I laminar-flow hoods, a portable autoclave, two portable real-time PCR devices (Ruggedized Advanced Pathogen Identification Device [RAPID]), and miscellaneous supplies and equipment to process samples. Envelopes and swab and air samples collected from 30 locations in the metropolitan area once every three days were subjected to visual examination and DNA extraction, followed by real-time PCR using freeze-dried, fluorescent-probe-based reagents. Surface swabs and air samples were also cultured for\n B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n at the National Veterinary Service Laboratory (NVSL) in Ames, Iowa. From 24 October 2001 to 15 September 2002, 2,092 pieces of mail were examined, 405 real-time PCR assays were performed (comprising 4,639 samples), and at the NVSL 6,275 samples were subjected to over 18,000 platings. None of the PCR assays on DNA extracted from swab and air samples were positive, but viable spores were cultured from surface swabs taken from six locations in the metropolitan area in October, November, and December 2001 and February, March, and May 2002. DNA extracted from these suspected\n B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n colonies was positive by real-time and conventional PCRs for the lethal factor, pXO1, and for\n capA<\/jats:italic>\n and\n vrr<\/jats:italic>\n genes; sequence analysis of the latter amplicons indicated >99% homology with the Ames, vollum, B6273-93, C93022281, and W-21 strains of\n B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n , suggesting they arose from cross-contamination during the attack through the mail. The RAPID-based PCR analysis provided fast confirmation of suspect colonies from an overnight incubation on agar plates.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.69.1.593-599.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,3]],"date-time":"2003-01-03T22:02:44Z","timestamp":1041631364000},"page":"593-599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["A Field Investigation of\n Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n Contamination of U.S. Department of Agriculture and Other Washington, D.C., Buildings during the Anthrax Attack of October 2001"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"James A.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Service Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Schroeder-Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Service Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Response Engineering, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Service Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Karns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erlynn","family":"Manthey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Response Engineering, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Breeze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Administrator, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Washington, D.C."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Perdue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.2.377-384.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2001. Use of onsite technologies for rapidly assessing environmental Bacillus anthracis contamination on surfaces in buildings. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 50: 1087."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"1129","volume":"50","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2001. Evaluation of Bacillus anthracis contamination inside the Brentwood Mail Processing and Distribution Center, District of Columbia, October 2001. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.50:1129-1133.","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.8.3665-3670.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.4.1400-1405.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.1224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765x.2001.00989.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.8.3720-3727.2001"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.69.1.593-599.2003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.69.1.593-599.2003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T13:49:24Z","timestamp":1645624164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.69.1.593-599.2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.69.1.593-599.2003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.69.1.593-599.2003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-06-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-10-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}