{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:23:30Z","timestamp":1791221010590,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The microbial production of\n            <jats:sc>l-<\/jats:sc>\n            (+)-lactic acid is rapidly expanding to allow increased production of polylactic acid (PLA), a renewable, biodegradable plastic. The physical properties of PLA can be tailored for specific applications by controlling the ratio of\n            <jats:sc>l-<\/jats:sc>\n            (+) and\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -(\u2212) isomers. For most uses of PLA, the\n            <jats:sc>l-<\/jats:sc>\n            (+) isomer is more abundant. As an approach to reduce costs associated with biocatalysis (complex nutrients, antibiotics, aeration, product purification, and waste disposal), a recombinant derivative of\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            W3110 was developed that contains five chromosomal deletions (\n            <jats:italic>focA-pflB frdBC adhE ackA ldhA<\/jats:italic>\n            ). This strain was constructed from a\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -(\u2212)-lactic acid-producing strain, SZ63 (\n            <jats:italic>focA-pflB frdBC adhE ackA<\/jats:italic>\n            ), by replacing part of the chromosomal\n            <jats:italic>ldhA<\/jats:italic>\n            coding region with\n            <jats:italic>Pediococcus acidilactici ldhL<\/jats:italic>\n            encoding an\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -lactate dehydrogenase. Although the initial strain (SZ79) grew and fermented poorly, a mutant (SZ85) was readily isolated by selecting for improved growth. SZ85 exhibited a 30-fold increase in\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -lactate dehydrogenase activity in comparison to SZ79, functionally replacing the native\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -lactate dehydrogenase activity. Sequencing revealed mutations in the upstream, coding, and terminator regions of\n            <jats:italic>ldhL<\/jats:italic>\n            in SZ85, which are presumed to be responsible for increased\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -lactate dehydrogenase activity. SZ85 produced\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -lactic acid in M9 mineral salts medium containing glucose or xylose with a yield of 93 to 95%, a purity of 98% (based on total fermentation products), and an optical purity greater than 99%. Unlike other recombinant biocatalysts for\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -lactic acid, SZ85 remained prototrophic and is devoid of plasmids and antibiotic resistance genes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.69.4.2237-2244.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,4]],"date-time":"2003-04-04T06:42:22Z","timestamp":1049438542000},"page":"2237-2244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Functional Replacement of the\n            <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n            <scp>d-<\/scp>\n            (\u2212)-Lactate Dehydrogenase Gene (\n            <i>ldhA<\/i>\n            ) with the\n            <scp>l-<\/scp>\n            (+)-Lactate Dehydrogenase Gene (\n            <i>ldhL)<\/i>\n            from\n            <i>Pediococcus acidilactici<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Shengde","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. T.","family":"Shanmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. O.","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0922-338X(98)80131-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Arntzen C. E. and B. E. Dale. 1999. Biobased industrial products priorities for research and commercialization. National Academy Press Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(91)81226-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.12.5621-5625.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"15","volume":"260","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boswell, C. 2001. Bioplastics aren't the stretch they once seemed. Chem. Market Rep.260:15-18.","journal-title":"Chem. Market Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-1-187"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.4.1384-1389.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4838(00)00234-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"223","volume":"63","year":"1989","unstructured":"Clark, D. P. 1989. The fermentation pathways of Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Rev.63:223-234.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.120163297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1995.tb00168.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(01)00228-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/lait:1993210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jim.7000195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"266","volume":"61","year":"1994","unstructured":"Garmyn, D., T. Ferain, N. Bernard, P. Hols, and J. Delcour. 1994. Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and transcriptional analysis of the Pediococcus acidilacticil-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.61:266-272.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.297.5582.803"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0229(99)00155-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Chem. Market Rep. 2001 259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-9-2437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.8.2413-2417.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.9.3835-3841.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.9.4002-4007.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"145","volume":"59","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lunt, J. 1997. Large-scale production, properties and commercial applications of polylactic acid polymers. Polymer Degrad. Stabil.59:145-152.","journal-title":"Polymer Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bp990103p"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.22.7143-7148.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.1.342-348.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","unstructured":"Miller J. H. 1992. A short course in bacterial genetics: a laboratory manual and handbook for Escherichia coli and related bacteria. Cold Spring Harbor Press Cold Spring Harbor N.Y."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"323","volume":"6","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ohara, H., H. Okuyama, S. Sawa, Y. Fujii, and K. Hiyama. 2001. Development of industrial production of high molecular weight poly-l-lactate from renewable resources. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi6:323-331.","journal-title":"Nippon Kagaku Kaishi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(99)00072-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18190.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"Porro D. M. Bianchi B. M. Ranzi L. Frontali M. Vai A. A. Winkler and L. Alberghina. August 2002. Yeast strains for the production of lactic acid transformed with a gene encoding lactic dehydrogenase. U.S. patent 6 429 006."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.9.4211-4215.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.13.4426-4428.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"Sambrook J. and D. W. Russell. 2001. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual 3rd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press Cold Spring Harbor N.Y."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1183-784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.6.2343-2348.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(01)00752-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.3.1071-1081.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002849900197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","first-page":"399","volume":"69","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhou, S., T. B. Causey, A. Hasona, K. T., Shanmugam, and L. O. Ingram. 2002. Production of optically pure d-lactic acid in mineral salts medium by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli W3110. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.69:399-407.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.69.4.2237-2244.2003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.69.4.2237-2244.2003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T14:14:55Z","timestamp":1645625695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.69.4.2237-2244.2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.69.4.2237-2244.2003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.69.4.2237-2244.2003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-09-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-01-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}