{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T09:31:11Z","timestamp":1780738271999,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]],"date-time":"2003-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1054425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Biosurfactants are a unique class of compounds that have been shown to have a variety of potential applications in the remediation of organic- and metal-contaminated sites, in the enhanced transport of bacteria, in enhanced oil recovery, as cosmetic additives, and in biological control. However, little is known about the distribution of biosurfactant-producing bacteria in the environment. The goal of this study was to determine how common culturable surfactant-producing bacteria are in undisturbed and contaminated sites. A series of 20 contaminated (i.e., with metals and\/or hydrocarbons) and undisturbed soils were collected and plated on R\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            A agar. The 1,305 colonies obtained were screened for biosurfactant production in mineral salts medium containing 2% glucose. Forty-five of the isolates were positive for biosurfactant production, representing most of the soils tested. The 45 isolates were grouped by using repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)-PCR analysis, which yielded 16 unique isolates. Phylogenetic relationships were determined by comparing the 16S rRNA gene sequence of each unique isolate with known sequences, revealing one new biosurfactant-producing microbe, a\n            <jats:italic>Flavobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n            sp. Sequencing results indicated only 10 unique isolates (in comparison to the REP analysis, which indicated 16 unique isolates). Surface tension results demonstrated that isolates that were similar according to sequence analysis but unique according to REP analysis in fact produced different surfactant mixtures under identical growth conditions. These results suggest that the 16S rRNA gene database commonly used for determining phylogenetic relationships may miss diversity in microbial products (e.g., biosurfactants and antibiotics) that are made by closely related isolates. In summary, biosurfactant-producing microorganisms were found in most soils even by using a relatively limited screening assay. Distribution was dependent on soil conditions, with gram-positive biosurfactant-producing isolates tending to be from heavy metal-contaminated or uncontaminated soils and gram-negative isolates tending to be from hydrocarbon-contaminated or cocontaminated soils.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.69.6.3280-3287.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,4]],"date-time":"2003-06-04T21:44:20Z","timestamp":1054763060000},"page":"3280-3287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":268,"title":["Distribution of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria in Undisturbed and Contaminated Arid Southwestern Soils"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Adria A.","family":"Bodour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin P.","family":"Drees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raina M.","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005634802997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"3164","volume":"3","year":"1998","unstructured":"Asselineau, J., and G. Lan\u00e9elle. 1998. Mycobacterial lipids: a historical perspective. Front. Biosci.3:3164-3174.","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9803987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodour A. A. and R. M. Maier. 2002. Biosurfactants: types screening methods and applications p. 750-770. In G. Bitton (ed.) Encyclopedia of environmental microbiology 1st ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Hoboken N.J.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471263397.env250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(98)00031-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jim.7000002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.191384198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m96-036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.54.6.1420-1425.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"32","volume":"9","year":"1999","unstructured":"Choi, K.-S., S.-H. Kim, and T.-H. Lee. 1999. Purification and characterization of biosurfactant from Tsukamurella sp. 26A. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.9:32-38.","journal-title":"26A. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.50.4.846-850.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.47.1.173-176.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37748-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.3.1027-1036.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530050962"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0229(99)00048-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.61.1.47-64.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1985.tb01125.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmpp.1999.0227"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"816","volume":"39","year":"1961","unstructured":"Gorin, P. A. J., J. F. T. Spencer, and A. P. Tulloch. 1961. Hydroxy fatty acid glycosides of sophorose from Torulopsis magnoliae. Can. J. Chem.39:816-855.","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108270199013414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00164690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"31","volume":"54","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kitamoto, D., S. Akiba, C. Hioki, and T. Tabuchi. 1990. Extracellular accumulation of mannosylerythritol lipids by a strain of Candida antarctica. Agric. Biol. Chem.54:31-36.","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.1.133-140.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"295","volume":"39","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kosaric, N. 2001. Biosurfactants and their application for soil bioremediation. Food Technol. Biotechnol.39:295-304.","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1998.5558"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1001799711799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00003a011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530000443"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(88)90066-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.20.6459-6466.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1656(89)90041-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.670180120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06080.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"80","volume":"86","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nielsen, T. H., C. Christophersen, U. Anthoni, and J. S\u00f8rensen. 1999. Viscosinamide, a new cyclic depsipeptide with surfactant and antifungal properties produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens DR54. J. Appl. Microbiol.86:80-90.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","unstructured":"Ochoa-Loza F. J. 1998. Physico-chemical factors affecting rhamnolipid (biosurfactant) application for removal of metal contaminants from soil. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Arizona Tucson."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00258342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"424","volume":"163","year":"1995","unstructured":"Phale, P. S., H. S. Savithri, N. A. Rao, and C. S. Vaidyanathan. 1995. Production of biosurfactant \u201cBiosur-Pm\u201d by Pseudomonas maltophila CSV89: characterization and role in hydrocarbon uptake. Arch. Microbiol.163:424-431.","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-115-2-491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.170283397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026843"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2001.00190.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1656(95)00053-S"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35037627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(98)80057-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","unstructured":"Swofford D. L. 2002. PAUP* phylogenetic analysis using parsimony and other methods. 4.0b10 PPC. Sinauer Associates Sunderland Mass."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01569914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","first-page":"765","volume":"53","year":"1989","unstructured":"Uchida, Y., S. Misawa, T. Nakahara, and T. Tabuchi. 1989. Factors affecting the production of succinnoyl trehalose lipids by Rhodococcus erythropolis SD-74 grown on n-alkanes. Agric. Biol. Chem.53:765-769.","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.39.888"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","first-page":"25","volume":"5","year":"1994","unstructured":"Versalovic, J., M. Schneider, F. J. DeBruijn, and J. R. Lupski. 1994. Genomic fingerprinting of bacteria using repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction. Methods Mol. Cell. Biol.5:25-40.","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.53.816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.1.44-49.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.173.2.697-703.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.6.2101-2106.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.6.2247-2251.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es960687g"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.69.6.3280-3287.2003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.69.6.3280-3287.2003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T01:53:37Z","timestamp":1645581217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.69.6.3280-3287.2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.69.6.3280-3287.2003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.69.6.3280-3287.2003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-02-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}