{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T18:54:41Z","timestamp":1772996081679,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]],"date-time":"2003-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1057017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Free-living nematodes are known to ingest food-borne pathogens and may serve as vectors to contaminate preharvest fruits and vegetables.\n            <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n            was selected as a model to study the effectiveness of sanitizers in killing\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Poona ingested by free-living nematodes. Aqueous suspensions of adult worms that had fed on\n            <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Poona were treated with produce sanitizers. Treatment with 20 \u03bcg of free chlorine\/ml significantly (\u03b1 = 0.05) reduced the population of\n            <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Poona compared to results for treating worms with water (control). However, there was no significant difference in the number of\n            <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Poona cells surviving treatments with 20 to 500 \u03bcg of chlorine\/ml, suggesting that reductions caused by treatment with 20 \u03bcg of chlorine\/ml resulted from inactivation of\n            <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Poona on the surface of\n            <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n            but not cells protected by the worm cuticle after ingestion. Treatment with Sanova (850 or 1,200 \u03bcg\/ml), an acidified sodium chlorite sanitizer, caused reductions of 5.74 and 6.34 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            CFU\/worm, respectively, compared to reductions from treating worms with water. Treatment with 20 or 40 \u03bcg of Tsunami 200\/ml, a peroxyacetic acid-based sanitizer, resulted in reductions of 4.83 and 5.34 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            CFU\/worm, respectively, compared to numbers detected on or in worms treated with water. Among the organic acids evaluated at a concentration of 2%, acetic acid was the least effective in killing\n            <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Poona and lactic acid was the most effective. Treatment with up to 500 \u03bcg of chlorine\/ml, 1% hydrogen peroxide, 2,550 \u03bcg of Sanova\/ml, 40 \u03bcg of Tsunami 200\/ml, or 2% acetic, citric, or lactic acid had no effect on the viability or reproductive behavior of\n            <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n            . Treatments were also applied to cantaloupe rind and lettuce inoculated with\n            <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Poona or\n            <jats:italic>C. elegan<\/jats:italic>\n            s that had ingested\n            <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Poona. Protection of ingested\n            <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Poona against sanitizers applied to cantaloupe was not evident; however, ingestion afforded protection of the pathogen on lettuce. These results indicate that\n            <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Poona ingested by\n            <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n            may be protected against treatment with chlorine and other sanitizers, although the basis for this protection remains unclear.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.69.7.4103-4110.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,2]],"date-time":"2003-07-02T22:00:09Z","timestamp":1057183209000},"page":"4103-4110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Ingestion of\n            <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n            Serotype Poona by a Free-Living Nematode,\n            <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>\n            , and Protection against Inactivation by Produce Sanitizers"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Krishaun N.","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara B.","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary L.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2102"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2102"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry R.","family":"Beuchat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00830-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Anderson G. 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