{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:38:07Z","timestamp":1789771087226,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Herein we report the structure and selected properties of a new class of biosurfactants that we have named the flavolipids. The flavolipids exhibit a unique polar moiety that features citric acid and two cadaverine molecules. Flavolipids were produced by a soil isolate,\n            <jats:italic>Flavobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n            sp. strain MTN11 (accession number\n            <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"gen\" xlink:href=\"AY162137\">AY162137<\/jats:ext-link>\n            ), during growth in mineral salts medium, with 2% glucose as the sole carbon and energy source. MTN11 produced a mixture of at least 37 flavolipids ranging from 584 to 686 in molecular weight (MW). The structure of the major component (23%; MW = 668) was determined to be 4-[[5-(7-methyl-(\n            <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n            )-2-octenoylhydroxyamino)pentyl]amino]-2-[2-[[5-(7-methyl-(\n            <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n            )-2-octenoylhydroxyamino)pentyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid. The partially purified flavolipid mixture isolated from strain MTN11 exhibited a critical micelle concentration of 300 mg\/liter and reduced surface tension to 26.0 mN\/m, indicating strong surfactant activity. The flavolipid mixture was a strong and stable emulsifier even at concentrations as low as 19 mg\/liter. It was also an effective solubilizing agent, and in a biodegradation study, it enhanced hexadecane mineralization by two isolates, MTN11 (100-fold) and\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n            ATCC 9027 (2.5-fold), over an 8-day period. The flavolipid-cadmium stability constant was measured to be 3.61, which is comparable to that for organic ligands such as oxalic acid and acetic acid. In summary, the flavolipids represent a new class of biosurfactants that have potential for use in a variety of biotechnological and industrial applications.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.70.1.114-120.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,7]],"date-time":"2004-01-07T21:02:54Z","timestamp":1073509374000},"page":"114-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Structure and Characterization of Flavolipids, a Novel Class of Biosurfactants Produced by\n            <i>Flavobacterium<\/i>\n            sp. 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