{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T15:58:18Z","timestamp":1791129498110,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reexamined the finding of Neumann et al. (10) that intact<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>oocysts obtained after in vitro excystation were infectious for neonatal CD-1 mice. We used both established excystation protocols and our own protocol that maximized excystation (2). Although intact oocysts isolated after any of three protocols were infectious for neonatal CD-1 mice, the infectivity of intact oocysts isolated with our optimized excystation protocol was significantly lower than the infectivity of intact oocysts isolated after established protocols or from fresh oocysts. Excystation should not be considered a valid measure of<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>viability, given that it is biologically implausible for oocysts to be nonviable and yet infectious.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.70.1.642-646.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,7]],"date-time":"2004-01-07T21:02:54Z","timestamp":1073509374000},"page":"642-646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Neonatal-Mouse Infectivity of Intact<i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i>Oocysts Isolated after Optimized In Vitro Excystation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2014Davis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2014Davis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Dunbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2014Davis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Moeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulare Branch, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare, California 93274"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2014Davis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. R.","family":"Atwill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2014Davis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Atwill E. R. T. Jones and S. V\u00e1zquez-Flores. 1997. Assessing the environmental risk from rangeland cattle shedding Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in bovine feces: optimization of in vitro excystation rates. American Veterinary Medical Foundation Schaumburg Ill."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1996.tb07987.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Blewett D. A. 1989. Quantitative techniques in Cryptosporidium research p. 85-95. In K. W. Angus and D. A. Blewett (ed.) Cryptosporidiosis. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Cryptosporidium . Moredun Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.11.3488-3493.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"605","volume":"54","year":"1998","unstructured":"Current, W. L. 1998. The biology of Cryptosporidium. ASM News54:605-611.","journal-title":"ASM News"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fayer R. C. A. Speer and J. P. Dubey. 1997. The general biology of Cryptosporidium p. 1-41. In R. Fayer (ed.) Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. CRC Press New York N.Y.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351071260-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Hardin J. and J. Hilbe. 2001. The binomial-logit family: negative binomial family p. 87-123 141-158. In Generalized linear models and extensions. Stata Press College Station Texas."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.11.1586","volume":"57","year":"1996","unstructured":"Harp, J. A., P. Jardon, E. R. Atwill, M. Zylstra, S. Checel, J. P. Goff, and C. Desimone. 1996. Field testing of prophylactic measures against Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves in a California dairy herd. Am. J. Vet. Res.57:1586-1588.","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08980.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Rennecker J. L. B. J. Marinas J. H. Owens and E. W. Rice. 1997. Kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation with ozone p. 299-316. In Water Research vol. C. Proceedings of the 1997 American Water Works Association Annual Conference. 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