{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:46:16Z","timestamp":1776401176322,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]],"date-time":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve percent of 853 California ground squirrels (<jats:italic>Spermophilus beecheyi<\/jats:italic>) from six different geographic locations in Kern County, Calif., were found to be shedding on average 44,482 oocysts g of feces<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The mean annual environmental loading rate of<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>oocysts was 57,882 oocysts squirrel<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, with seasonal patterns of fecal shedding ranging from &lt;10,000 oocysts squirrel<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>in fall, winter, and spring to levels of 2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>oocysts squirrel<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>in summer. Juveniles were about twice as likely as adult squirrels to be infected and shed higher concentrations of oocysts than adults did, with particularly high levels of infection and shedding being found among juvenile male squirrels. Based on DNA sequencing of a portion of the 18S small-subunit rRNA gene, there existed three genotypes of<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>species in these populations of squirrels (Sbey03a, Sbey03b, and Sbey03c; accession numbers<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"gen\" xlink:href=\"AY462231\" xlink:type=\"simple\">AY462231<\/jats:ext-link>to<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"gen\" xlink:href=\"AY462233\" xlink:type=\"simple\">AY462233<\/jats:ext-link>, respectively). These unique DNA sequences were most closely related (96 to 97% homology) to porcine<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>(AF115377) and<jats:italic>C. wrairi<\/jats:italic>(AF115378). Inoculating BALB\/c neonatal mice with up to 10,000 Sbey03b or Sbey03c fresh oocysts from different infected hosts did not produce detectable levels of infection, suggesting that this common genotype shed by California ground squirrels is not infectious for mice and may constitute a new species of<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.70.11.6748-6752.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,4]],"date-time":"2004-11-04T21:58:18Z","timestamp":1099605498000},"page":"6748-6752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Seasonal Shedding of Multiple<i>Cryptosporidium<\/i>Genotypes in California Ground Squirrels (<i>Spermophilus beecheyi<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Edward R.","family":"Atwill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2014Davis, Tulare"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Cooperative Extension, Bakersfield, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Das Gra\u00e7as C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2014Davis, Tulare"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xunde","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2014Davis, Tulare"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"McCowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2014Davis, Tulare"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"420","volume":"60","year":"1998","unstructured":"Atwill, E. R., E. Johnson, D. J. Klingborg, G. M. Veserat, G. Markegard, W. A. Jensen, D. W. Pratt, R. E. Delmas, H. A. George, L. C. Forero, R. L. Phillips, S. J. Barry, N. K. McDougald, R. R. Gildersleeve, and W. E. Frost. 1998. Age, geographic, and temporal distribution of fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in cow-calf herds. Am. J. Vet. Res.60:420-425.","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.12.1833","volume":"215","year":"1999","unstructured":"Atwill, E. R., E. Johnson, and M. Das Gra\u00e7as C. Pereira. 1999. Herd composition, stocking rate, and calving duration associated with fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in beef cattle herds. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.215:1833-1838.","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. 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