{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:53:28Z","timestamp":1792889608690,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The antibiotic phosphinothricin tripeptide (PTT) consists of two molecules of\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanine and one molecule of the unusual amino acid phosphinothricin (PT) which are nonribosomally combined. The bioactive compound PT has bactericidal, fungicidal, and herbicidal properties and possesses a C\u2014P\u2014C bond, which is very rare in natural compounds. Previously uncharacterized flanking and middle regions of the PTT biosynthetic gene cluster from\n            <jats:italic>Streptomyces viridochromogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            Tu\u0308494 were isolated and sequenced. The boundaries of the gene cluster were identified by gene inactivation studies. Sequence analysis and homology searches led to the completion of the gene cluster, which consists of 24 genes. Four of these were identified as undescribed genes coding for proteins that are probably involved in uncharacterized early steps of antibiotic biosynthesis or in providing precursors of PTT biosynthesis (phosphoenolpyruvate, acetyl-coenzyme A, or\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanine). The involvement of the genes\n            <jats:italic>orfM<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>trs<\/jats:italic>\n            and of the regulatory gene\n            <jats:italic>prpA<\/jats:italic>\n            in PTT biosynthesis was analyzed by gene inactivation and overexpression, respectively. Insight into the regulation of PTT was gained by determining the transcriptional start sites of the\n            <jats:italic>pmi<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>prpA<\/jats:italic>\n            genes. A previously undescribed regulatory gene involved in morphological differentiation in streptomycetes was identified outside of the left boundary of the PTT biosynthetic gene cluster.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.70.12.7093-7102.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T20:18:56Z","timestamp":1101932336000},"page":"7093-7102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of the Herbicide Phosphinothricin Tripeptide from\n            <i>Streptomyces viridochromogenes<\/i>\n            Tu\u0308494"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Dirk","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans-Kno\u0308ll-Institut fu\u0308r Naturstoff-Forschung, Jena"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans-Kno\u0308ll-Institut fu\u0308r Naturstoff-Forschung, Jena"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Heinzelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakulta\u0308t Biologie, Mikrobiologisches Insitut, Mikrobiologie\/Biotechnologie, Eberhard Karls Universita\u0308t Tu\u0308bingen, Tu\u0308bingen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstanze","family":"Muschko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakulta\u0308t Biologie, Mikrobiologisches Insitut, Mikrobiologie\/Biotechnologie, Eberhard Karls Universita\u0308t Tu\u0308bingen, Tu\u0308bingen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Welzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Combinature Biopharm AG, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Wohlleben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakulta\u0308t Biologie, Mikrobiologisches Insitut, Mikrobiologie\/Biotechnologie, Eberhard Karls Universita\u0308t Tu\u0308bingen, Tu\u0308bingen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"749","volume":"34","year":"1991","unstructured":"Alijah, R., J. 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