{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T07:11:20Z","timestamp":1769497880082,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Bartonella henselae<\/jats:italic>is a zoonotic pathogen that usually causes a self-limiting infection in immunocompetent individuals but often causes potentially life-threatening infections, such as bacillary angiomatosis, in immunocompromised patients. Both diagnosis of infection and research into the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis have been hindered by the absence of a suitable liquid growth medium. It has been difficult to isolate<jats:italic>B. henselae<\/jats:italic>directly from the blood of infected humans or animals or to grow the bacteria in liquid culture media under laboratory conditions. Therefore, we have developed a liquid growth medium that supports reproducible in vitro growth (3-h doubling time and a growth yield of approximately 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>CFU\/ml) and permits the isolation of<jats:italic>B. henselae<\/jats:italic>from the blood of infected cats. During the development of this medium, we observed that<jats:italic>B. henselae<\/jats:italic>did not derive carbon and energy from the catabolism of glucose, which is consistent with genome nucleotide sequence data suggesting an incomplete glycolytic pathway. Of interest,<jats:italic>B. henselae<\/jats:italic>depleted amino acids from the culture medium and accumulated ammonia in the medium, an indicator of amino acid catabolism. Analysis of the culture medium throughout the growth cycle revealed that oxygen was consumed and carbon dioxide was generated, suggesting that amino acids were catabolized in a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-dependent mechanism. Additionally, phage particles were detected in the culture supernatants of stationary-phase<jats:italic>B. henselae<\/jats:italic>, but not in mid-logarithmic-phase culture supernatants. Enzymatic assays of whole-cell lysates revealed that<jats:italic>B. henselae<\/jats:italic>has a complete TCA cycle. Taken together, these data suggest<jats:italic>B. henselae<\/jats:italic>may catabolize amino acids but not glucose to derive carbon and energy from its host. Furthermore, the newly developed culture medium should improve isolation of<jats:italic>B. henselae<\/jats:italic>and basic research into the pathogenesis of the bacterium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.70.2.656-663.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,6]],"date-time":"2004-02-06T17:48:04Z","timestamp":1076089684000},"page":"656-663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Growth Characteristics of<i>Bartonella henselae<\/i>in a Novel Liquid Medium: Primary Isolation, Growth-Phase-Dependent Phage Induction, and Metabolic Studies"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"M. 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