{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:19:18Z","timestamp":1790914758981,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>A multi-virulence-locus sequence typing (MVLST) scheme was developed for subtyping<jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>, and the results obtained using this scheme were compared to those of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and the published results of other typing methods, including ribotyping (RT) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). A set of 28 strains (eight different serotypes and three known genetic lineages) of<jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>was selected from a strain collection (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>&gt; 1,000 strains) to represent the genetic diversity of this species. Internal fragments (ca. 418 to 469 bp) of three virulence genes (<jats:italic>prfA<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>inlB<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>inlC<\/jats:italic>) and three virulence-associated genes (<jats:italic>dal<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>lisR<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>clpP<\/jats:italic>) were sequenced and analyzed. Multiple DNA sequence alignment identified 10 (<jats:italic>prfA<\/jats:italic>), 19 (<jats:italic>inlB<\/jats:italic>), 13 (<jats:italic>dal<\/jats:italic>), 10 (<jats:italic>lisR<\/jats:italic>), 17 (<jats:italic>inlC<\/jats:italic>), and 16 (<jats:italic>clpP<\/jats:italic>) allelic types and a total of 28 unique sequence types. Comparison of MVLST with automated<jats:italic>Eco<\/jats:italic>RI-RT and PFGE with<jats:italic>Apa<\/jats:italic>I enzymatic digestion showed that MVLST was able to differentiate strains that were indistinguishable by RT (13 ribotypes; discrimination index = 0.921) or PFGE (22 profiles; discrimination index = 0.970). Comparison of MVLST with housekeeping-gene-based MLST analysis showed that MVLST provided higher discriminatory power for serotype 1\/2a and 4b strains than MLST. Cluster analysis based on the intragenic sequences of the selected virulence genes indicated a strain phylogeny closely related to serotypes and genetic lineages. In conclusion, MVLST may improve the discriminatory power of MLST and provide a convenient tool for studying the local epidemiology of<jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.70.2.913-920.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,6]],"date-time":"2004-02-06T17:48:04Z","timestamp":1076089684000},"page":"913-920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":175,"title":["Multi-Virulence-Locus Sequence Typing of<i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhushan M.","family":"Jayarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Knabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(96)01147-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.11.5229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3319-3325.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Draft assessment of the relative risk to public health from food-borne Listeria monocytogenes among selected categories of ready-to-eat foods. [Online.] http:\/\/vm.cfsan.fda.gov\/\u223cdms\/lmrisk.html . Accessed 1 March 2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.11.1077"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.21.6840-6843.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.541414.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(99)01609-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Fenlon D. R. 1999. Listeria monocytogenes in the natural environment p. 21-39. In E. T. Ryser and E. H. Marth (ed.) Listeria listeriosis and food safety 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker Inc. 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