{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:57:56Z","timestamp":1769579876700,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]],"date-time":"2004-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1078099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            More than a decade after a study on the transmission cycle of\n            <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            sensu lato in the Siebengebirge, a nature reserve near Bonn, Germany, questing nymphal and adult\n            <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n            ticks were collected again in three selected areas of the same low mountain range and examined for infection with\n            <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            sensu lato. Between May and October 2001, a total of 1,754 ticks were collected by blanket dragging; 374 ticks were analyzed for\n            <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            sensu lato by both an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and at least two different PCR tests, whereas 171 ticks were analyzed by PCR only. By combining all assays, an average of 14% of the ticks tested positive for\n            <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            sensu lato, 5.5, 15.8, and 21.8% in the three collection areas. Of the nymphs and adults examined, 12.9 and 21.1%, respectively, were found to be spirochete infected. A lower total infection prevalence was obtained by IFA (14.4%) than by a nested PCR approach (16.5%), but both were higher than that obtained by a simple PCR approach (11.9%). Compared with data collected over a decade ago, the mean infection prevalence of\n            <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            sensu lato in the ticks was significantly higher for all three biotopes, whereas a similar pattern of habitat-specific infection prevalence was observed. Genotyping of\n            <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            sensu lato revealed high relative prevalences of\n            <jats:italic>B. valaisiana<\/jats:italic>\n            (identified in 43.1% of infected ticks) and\n            <jats:italic>B. garinii<\/jats:italic>\n            (32.3%), whereas\n            <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>\n            (12.3%) and\n            <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            sensu stricto (1.5%) were relatively rare. We conclude that\n            <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            sensu lato infection has increased in this region over the last 15 years due to presently unknown changes in ecological conditions, perhaps related to climate change or wildlife management.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.70.3.1576-1582.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,8]],"date-time":"2004-03-08T23:43:22Z","timestamp":1078789402000},"page":"1576-1582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Substantial Rise in the Prevalence of Lyme Borreliosis Spirochetes in a Region of Western Germany over a 10-Year Period"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Helge","family":"Kampen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Parasitology, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana C.","family":"R\u00f6tzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Parasitology, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Kurtenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter A.","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Parasitology, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanns M.","family":"Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Parasitology, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2002. 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