{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:33:17Z","timestamp":1787016797583,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    There is a growing concern that antibiotic usage in animal production has selected for resistant food-borne bacteria. Since tetracyclines are common therapeutic antibiotics used in poultry production, we sought to evaluate the effects of oral administration on the resistance of poultry commensal bacteria and the intestinal bacterial community structure. The diversity indices calculated from terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA amplicons did not indicate significant changes in the cecal bacterial community in response to oxytetracycline. To evaluate its effects on cultivable commensals,\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were isolated from the cecal droppings of broiler chickens.\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    expressed tetracycline MICs of &gt;8 \u03bcg\/ml and harbored a variety of\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    resistance determinants regardless of the tetracycline exposure history of the birds. The enterococcal isolates possessed\n                    <jats:italic>tetM<\/jats:italic>\n                    (61%),\n                    <jats:italic>tetL<\/jats:italic>\n                    (25.4%), and\n                    <jats:italic>tetK<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.3%), as well as\n                    <jats:italic>tetO<\/jats:italic>\n                    (52.5%), the determinant known to confer a tetracycline resistance phenotype in\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni. E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates harbored\n                    <jats:italic>tetA<\/jats:italic>\n                    (32.2%) or\n                    <jats:italic>tetB<\/jats:italic>\n                    (30.5%). Tetracycline MICs remained at &lt;2 \u03bcg\/ml for\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates before and after tetracycline treatment of the chickens, even though isolates expressing MICs of &gt;16 \u03bcg\/ml were commonly cultured from flocks that did not receive oxytetracycline. The results imply that complex ecological and genetic factors contribute to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance arising from resistance gene transfer in the production environment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.71.10.5865-5872.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,4]],"date-time":"2005-10-04T15:29:23Z","timestamp":1128439763000},"page":"5865-5872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Effects of Orally Administered Tetracycline on the Intestinal Community Structure of Chickens and on\n                    <i>tet<\/i>\n                    Determinant Carriage by Commensal Bacteria and\n                    <i>Campylobacter jejuni<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"A. 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