{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:26:18Z","timestamp":1792117578869,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>BioDeNOx is an integrated physicochemical and biological process for the removal of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from flue gases. In this process, the flue gas is purged through a scrubber containing a solution of Fe(II)EDTA<jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>, which binds the NOx to form an Fe(II)EDTA\u00b7NO<jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>complex. Subsequently, this complex is reduced in the bioreactor to dinitrogen by microbial denitrification. Fe(II)EDTA<jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>, which is oxidized to Fe(III)EDTA<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>by oxygen in the flue gas, is regenerated by microbial iron reduction. In this study, the microbial communities of both lab- and pilot-scale reactors were studied using culture-dependent and -independent approaches. A pure bacterial strain, KT-1, closely affiliated by 16S rRNA analysis to the gram-positive denitrifying bacterium<jats:italic>Bacillus azotoformans<\/jats:italic>, was obtained. DNA-DNA homology of the isolate with the type strain was 89%, indicating that strain KT-1 belongs to the species<jats:italic>B. azotoformans<\/jats:italic>. Strain KT-1 reduces Fe(II)EDTA\u00b7NO<jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>complex to N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>using ethanol, acetate, and Fe(II)EDTA<jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>as electron donors. It does not reduce Fe(III)EDTA<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments showed the presence of bacteria closely affiliated with members of the phylum<jats:italic>Deferribacteres<\/jats:italic>, an Fe(III)-reducing group of bacteria. Fluorescent in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes designed for strain KT-1 and members of the phylum<jats:italic>Deferribacteres<\/jats:italic>showed that the latter were more dominant in both reactors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.71.10.6345-6352.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,4]],"date-time":"2005-10-04T19:29:23Z","timestamp":1128454163000},"page":"6345-6352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Characterization of Microbial Communities Removing Nitrogen Oxides from Flue Gas: the BioDeNOx Process"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Rajkumari","family":"Kumaraswamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, NL-2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"van Dongen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, NL-2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Gijs","family":"Kuenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, NL-2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiebe","family":"Abma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paques B.V. NL-8561 EL Balk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C. M.","family":"van Loosdrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, NL-2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Muyzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, NL-2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.56.6.1919-1925.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.2.614-623.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.3.1748-1758.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"323","volume":"24","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bhandari, B., and M. M. Simlat. 1986. Rapid micro-method for determination of nitrate in presence of nitrite for biochemical studies. Indian J. Exp. Biol.24:323-325.","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.12.4650-4657.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Buisman C. J. N. H. Dijkman P. L. Verbraak and A. J. den Hartog. April 1999. Process for purifying flue gas containing nitrogen oxides. U.S. patent 5 891 408."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(99)80053-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1970.tb00830.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie9702800"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasser- Abwasser- und Schlamm-Untersuchung 1991 vol. bd. II"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.11.4588-4590.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00423320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-52-6-1929","volume":"52","year":"2002","unstructured":"Finneran, K. T., H. M. Forbush, C. V. VanPraagh, and D. R. Lovley. 2002. Desulfitobacterium metallireducens sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium that couples growth to the reduction of metals and humic acids as well as chlorinated compounds. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.52:1929-1935.","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1970.tb00831.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.7.2802-2813.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-47-2-505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Gries-Romijn-van Eck. 1966. Physiological and chemical test for drinking water. NEN 1056 IY-2. Nederlandse Normalisatie Instituut Rijswijk The Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018474223655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"9","volume":"50","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kumaraswamy, R., G. Muyzer, J. G. Kuenen, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. 2003. Biological removal of NOx from flue gas. Water Sci. Technol.50:9-15.","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh293"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(11)80121-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-142-5-1097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(61)80047-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(99)80065-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.12.4329-4339.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"70","volume":"13","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ogden, J. E., and P. K. Moore. 1995. Inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase potential for a novel class of therapeutic agent. Trends Microbiol.13:70-78.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005624815889"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(98)80026-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.7.2421-2426.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0580-9517(01)30046-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"279","volume":"1","year":"1981","unstructured":"Pfenning, N., and H. G. Tr\u00fcper. 1981. The prokaryotes,vol. 1, p. 279-289. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.","journal-title":"The prokaryotes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"351","volume":"127","year":"1976","unstructured":"Pichinoty, F., H. de Berjac, M. Mandel, B. Greenway, and J. L. Garcia. 1976. A new, sporulating, denitrifying, mesophilic bacterium: Bacillus azotoformans N. SP. Ann. Microbiol. (Paris)127B:351-361.","journal-title":"SP. Ann. Microbiol. (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-140-10-2849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6445(00)00040-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005579306109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0580-9517(01)30057-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"205","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stahl, D. A., and Amann, R. I. 1991. Development and application of nucleic acid probes, p. 205-248. In E. Stackebrandt and M. Goodfellow (ed.), Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics. Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0020067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.11.4210-4215.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"1323","volume":"19","year":"2003","unstructured":"van der Maas, P., T. van de Sandt, B. Klapwijk, and P. Lens. 2003. Biological reduction of nitric oxide in aqueous Fe(II)EDTA solutions. Biotechnol. Prog.19:1323-1326.","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00175747"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.71.10.6345-6352.2005","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.71.10.6345-6352.2005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]],"date-time":"2025-01-04T17:54:45Z","timestamp":1736013285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.71.10.6345-6352.2005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.71.10.6345-6352.2005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.71.10.6345-6352.2005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-02-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-05-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-10-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}