{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T15:58:44Z","timestamp":1791129524529,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In the past few years many waterborne outbreaks related to\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            have been described. Current methods for detection of\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            in water for the most part rely on viability assays which are not informative concerning the infectivity of oocysts. However, for estimation of the risk of infection with\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            this information is required. For environmental samples the oocyst counts are often low, and the oocysts have been exposed to unfavorable conditions. Therefore, determination of the infectivity of environmental oocysts requires an assay with a high level of sensitivity. We evaluated the applicability of in vitro cell culture immunofluorescence assays with HCT-8 and Caco-2 cells for determination of oocyst infectivity in naturally contaminated water samples. Cell culture assays were compared with other viability and infectivity assays. Experiments with\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            oocysts from different sources revealed that there was considerable variability in infectivity, which was illustrated by variable 50% infective doses, which ranged from 40 to 614 oocysts, and the results indicated that not only relatively large numbers of fresh oocysts but also aged oocysts produced infection in cell cultures. Fifteen Dutch surface water samples were tested, and the cell culture immunofluorescence assays were not capable of determining the infectivity for the low numbers of naturally occurring\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            oocysts present in the samples. A comparison with other viability assays, such as the vital dye exclusion assay, demonstrated that surrogate methods overestimate the number of infectious oocysts and therefore the risk of infection with\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            . For accurate risk assessment, further improvement of the method for detection of\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            in water is needed.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.71.11.6793-6798.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,3]],"date-time":"2005-11-03T22:08:08Z","timestamp":1131055688000},"page":"6793-6798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Detection of Infectious\n            <i>Cryptosporidium<\/i>\n            Oocysts by Cell Culture Immunofluorescence Assay: Applicability to Environmental Samples"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"F. M.","family":"Schets","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. B.","family":"Engels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"During","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"de Roda Husman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2002. Water quality\u2014isolation and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts form water ISO\/CD 15553 2002-07-22. International Organisation for Standardisation Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1996.tb07987.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.7.2972-2980.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.11.3488-3493.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"65","year":"1997","unstructured":"Casemore, D. P., S. E. Wright, and R. L. Coop. 1997. Cryptosporidiosis: human and animal epidemiology, p. 65-92. In R. Fayer (ed.), Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.","journal-title":"Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.7.666"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.8.3427-3432.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1495-1500.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00135-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.11.3661-3665.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"1","volume":"89","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jenkins, M., J. M. Trout, J. Higgins, M. Dorsch, D. Veal, and R. Fayer. 2003. Comparison of tests for viable and infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Parasitol. Res.89:1-5.","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.5.1423-1428.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Medema G. J. L. Heijnen F. M. Schets B. Wullings W. Hoogenboezem and H. A. M. Ketelaars. 2002. Viable and pathogenic Cryptosporidium and Giardia in source water. Application of vital dye staining cell culture and (RT-)PCR with sequence analysis. RIWA report ISBN 90-6683-099-9. Association of River waterwork\u2014RIWA Nieuwegein The Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08980.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0304.970423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.9.5380-5388.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200007476X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.8.3809-3817.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"93","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rose, J. B., J. T. Lisle, and M. LeChevallier. 1997. Waterborne cryptosporidiosis: incidence, outbreaks and treatment strategies, p. 93-110. In R. Fayer (ed.), Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. 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