{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T02:16:19Z","timestamp":1793067379623,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Spore formation is a sophisticated mechanism by which some bacteria survive conditions of stress and starvation by producing a multilayered protective capsule enclosing their condensed DNA. Spores are highly resistant to damage by heat, radiation, and commonly employed antibacterial agents. Previously, spores have also been shown to be resistant to photodynamic inactivation using dyes and light that easily destroy the corresponding vegetative bacteria. We have discovered that\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            spores are susceptible to photoinactivation by phenothiazinium dyes and low doses of red light. Dimethylmethylene blue, methylene blue, new methylene blue, and toluidine blue O are all effective, while alternative photosensitizers such as Rose Bengal, polylysine chlorin(e6) conjugate, a tricationic porphyrin, and a benzoporphyrin derivative, which easily kill vegetative cells, are ineffective. Spores of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>B. thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n            are most susceptible,\n            <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>B. atrophaeus<\/jats:italic>\n            are also killed, and\n            <jats:italic>B. megaterium<\/jats:italic>\n            is resistant. Photoinactivation is most effective when excess dye is washed from the spores, showing that the dye binds to the spores and that excess dye in solution can quench light delivery. The relatively mild conditions needed for spore killing could have applications for treating wounds contaminated by anthrax spores, for which conventional sporicides would have unacceptable tissue toxicity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.71.11.6918-6925.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,3]],"date-time":"2005-11-03T22:08:08Z","timestamp":1131055688000},"page":"6918-6925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Photodynamic Inactivation of\n            <i>Bacillus<\/i>\n            Spores, Mediated by Phenothiazinium Dyes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Tatiana N.","family":"Demidova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, 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