{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:48:47Z","timestamp":1789998527678,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The anthrax incidents in the United States in the fall of 2001 led to the use of electron beam (EB) processing to sanitize the mail for the U.S. Postal Service. This method of sanitization has prompted the need to further investigate the effect of EB irradiation on the destruction of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            endospores. In this study, endospores of an anthrax surrogate,\n            <jats:italic>B. atrophaeus<\/jats:italic>\n            , were destroyed to demonstrate the efficacy of EB treatment of such biohazard spores. EB exposures were performed to determine (i) the inactivation of varying\n            <jats:italic>B. atrophaeus<\/jats:italic>\n            spore concentrations, (ii) a D\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            value (dose required to reduce a population by 1 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            ) for the\n            <jats:italic>B. atrophaeus<\/jats:italic>\n            spores, (iii) the effects of spore survival at the bottom of a standardized paper envelope stack, and (iv) the maximum temperature received by spores. A maximum temperature of 49.2\u00b0C was reached at a lethal dose of \u223c40 kGy, which is a significantly lower temperature than that needed to kill spores by thermal effects alone. A\u2009D\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            value of 1.53 kGy was determined for the species. A surface EB dose between 25 and 32 kGy produced the appropriate killing dose of EB between 11 and 16 kGy required to inactivate 8 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            spores, when spore samples were placed at the bottom of a 5.5-cm stack of envelopes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.71.11.7029-7032.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,3]],"date-time":"2005-11-03T22:08:08Z","timestamp":1131055688000},"page":"7029-7032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Inactivation of\n            <i>Bacillus<\/i>\n            Endospores in Envelopes by Electron Beam Irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Shannon L.","family":"Helfinstine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Vargas-Aburto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program on Electron Beam Technology, Kent State University NEO Beam, Middlefield, Ohio 44062"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto M.","family":"Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program on Electron Beam Technology, Kent State University NEO Beam, Middlefield, Ohio 44062"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Woolverton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1991.tb00608.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"38","volume":"39","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aston, C. 2002. Neither snow, nor rain, nor anthrax. IEEE Spectrum39:38-39.","journal-title":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019984028041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.15.4.785-789.1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.8.4740-4747.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.1964.60.2.253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550050074036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"1104","volume":"2","year":"1986","unstructured":"Claus, D., and R. Berkeley. 1986. Endospore-forming Gram-positive rods and cocci. Genus Bacillus, p. 1104-1139. In P. H. A. Sneath (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd ed., vol. 2. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.","journal-title":"Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.8.3665-3670.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"57","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fairand, B. P. 2002. Radiation sterilization for health care products: X-ray, gamma, and electron beam, p. 57-72. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.","journal-title":"Radiation sterilization for health care products: X-ray, gamma, and electron beam"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-1-35"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"729","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hansen, J. M., and H. L. Shaffer. 2001. Sterilization and preservation by radiation sterilization, p. 729-745. In S. S. Block (ed.), Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.","journal-title":"Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"30","volume":"80","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hanson, D. J. 2002. Zapping the mail. Chem. Eng. News80:30-32.","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. News"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"McLaughlin W. L. A. Boyd K. Chadwick J. McDonald and A. Miller. 1989. Dosimetry for radiation processing p. 28-31. Taylor & Francis London United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-39-3-295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Neergaard L. 18 November 2001. Officials weigh risk to medical mailings from irradiation p. A7. The Washington Post Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2003.01337.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"24","volume":"79","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ritter, S. 2001. Ousting anthrax. Chem. Eng. News79:24-26.","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. News"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Ruane M. E. 23 October 2001. Irradiation explored as answer to anthrax p.\u2009A11. The Washington Post Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"428","volume":"278","year":"1997","unstructured":"Simon, J. D. 1997. Biological terrorism. Preparing to meet the threat. JAMA278:428-430.","journal-title":"Preparing to meet the threat. JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.020377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","unstructured":"Uribe R. and C. Vargas-Aburto. 2001. 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