{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:30:00Z","timestamp":1787016600897,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus (CNGV) is an unclassified large DNA virus that morphologically resembles members of the\n                    <jats:italic>Herpesviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    but contains a large (ca. \u223c280-kbp) linear double-stranded DNA. This virus has also been named koi herpesvirus, koi herpes-like virus, and cyprinid herpesvirus 3. CNGV is the cause of a lethal disease that afflicts common carp and koi. By using immunohistochemistry, molecular analysis, and electron microscopy we previously demonstrated that this virus is present mainly in the intestine and kidney of infected fish. Based on these observations, we postulated that viruses and\/or viral components may appear in droppings of infected carp. Here we report that (i) by using PCR we demonstrated that fish droppings contain viral DNA, (ii) fish droppings contain viral antigens which are useful for CNGV diagnosis, and (iii) fish droppings contain active virus which can infect cultured common carp brain cells and induce the disease in nai\u0308ve fish following inoculation. Thus, our findings show that CNGV can be identified by using droppings without taking biopsies or killing fish and that infectious CNGV is present in the stools of sick fish. The possibility that fish droppings preserve viable CNGV during the nonpermissive seasons is discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.71.11.7285-7291.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,3]],"date-time":"2005-11-03T17:08:08Z","timestamp":1131037688000},"page":"7285-7291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Detection of Carp Interstitial Nephritis and Gill Necrosis Virus in Fish Droppings"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Arnon","family":"Dishon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayana","family":"Perelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"},{"name":"Aquaculture Research Station Dor, Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Rural Development, Dor 30820, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janette","family":"Bishara-Shieban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KoVax Co., R.M.P.A. Building, Har Hotzvim, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Ilouze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Davidovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlomit","family":"Werker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Fish Health Laboratory, Nir David 19150, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moshe","family":"Kotler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(94)00227-F"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"182","volume":"19","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bretzinger, A., T. Fischer-Scherl, M. Oumouma, R. Hoffmann, and U. Truyen. 1999. Mass mortalities in koi, Cyprinus carpio, associated with gill and skin disease. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol.19:182-185.","journal-title":"Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19323-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao048101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao060179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2002.00355.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"293","volume":"24","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haenen, O. L. M., K. Way, S. M. Bergmann, and E. Ariel. 2004. The emergence of koi herpesvirus and its significance to European aquaculture. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol.24:293-307.","journal-title":"Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Harlow E. and D. Lane. 1988. Antibodies: a laboratory manual p.632-633. 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