{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:46:48Z","timestamp":1790714808334,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]],"date-time":"2005-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Seven small-scale drinking water purification devices were evaluated for their capacity to eliminate botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) type B from drinking water. Influent water inoculated with toxic\n            <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            cultures and effluent purified water samples were tested for the presence of BoNT by using a standard mouse bioassay and two commercial rapid enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). The water purification devices based on filtration through ceramic or membrane filters with a pore size of 0.2 to 0.4 \u03bcm or irradiation from a low-pressure UV-lamp (254 nm) failed to remove BoNT from raw water (reduction of &lt;0.1 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            units). A single device based on reverse osmosis was capable of removing the BoNT to a level below the detection limit of the mouse bioassay (reduction of &gt;2.3 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            units). The rapid EIAs intended for the detection of BoNT from various types of samples failed to detect BoNT from aqueous samples containing an estimated concentration of BoNT of 396,000 ng\/liter.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.71.4.1941-1945.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,6]],"date-time":"2005-04-06T13:23:15Z","timestamp":1112793795000},"page":"1941-1945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Elimination of Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) Type B from Drinking Water by Small-Scale (Personal-Use) Water Purification Devices and Detection of BoNT in Water Samples"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Ari","family":"Ho\u0308rman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki"},{"name":"Medical School, The Finnish Defense Forces, Lahti, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Nevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miia","family":"Lindstro\u0308m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja-Liisa","family":"Ha\u0308nninen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannu","family":"Korkeala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00357-2","volume":"35","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alam, Z. B., M. Otaki, H. Furumai, and S. Ohgaki. 2001. Direct and indirect inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa by UV-radiation. Water Res.35:1008-1014.","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.5.3002-3004.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2003.08.016","volume":"37","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anderson, W. B., C. I. Mayfield, D. G. Dixon, and P. M. Huck. 2003. Endotoxin inactivation by selected drinking water treatment oxidants. 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