{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:00:21Z","timestamp":1790780421199,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]],"date-time":"2005-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n            is a free-living ameba and an opportunistic agent of granulomatous encephalitis in humans and other mammalian species. Other free-living amebas, such as\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Hartmannella<\/jats:italic>\n            , can provide a niche for intracellular survival of bacteria, including the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease,\n            <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila.<\/jats:italic>\n            Infection of amebas by\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            enhances the bacterial infectivity for mammalian cells and lung tissues. Likewise, the pathogenicity of amebas may be enhanced when they host bacteria. So far, the colonization of\n            <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n            by bacteria has not been convincingly shown. In this study, we investigated whether this ameba could host\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            bacteria. Our experiments showed that\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            could initiate uptake by\n            <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n            and could replicate within the ameba about 4 to 5 log cycles from 24 to 72 h after infection. On the other hand, a\n            <jats:italic>dotA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant, known to be unable to propagate in\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n            , also did not replicate within\n            <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n            . Approaching completion of the intracellular cycle,\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            wild-type bacteria were able to destroy their ameboid hosts. Observations by light microscopy paralleled our quantitative data and revealed the rounding, collapse, clumping, and complete destruction of the infected amebas. Electron microscopic studies unveiled the replication of the bacteria in a compartment surrounded by a structure resembling rough endoplasmic reticulum. The course of intracellular infection, the degree of bacterial multiplication, and the ultrastructural features of a\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected\n            <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n            ameba resembled those described for other amebas hosting\n            <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n            bacteria. We hence speculate that\n            <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n            might serve as a host for bacteria in its natural environment.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.71.5.2244-2249.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,3]],"date-time":"2005-05-03T18:08:24Z","timestamp":1115143704000},"page":"2244-2249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["<i>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/i>\n            , Free-Living Ameba and Opportunistic Agent of Encephalitis, Is a Potential Host for\n            <i>Legionella pneumophila<\/i>\n            Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Winlet Sheba","family":"Shadrach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch-Institut, Research Group Pathogenesis of Legionella Infections, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Rydzewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch-Institut, Research Group Pathogenesis of Legionella Infections, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Laube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch-Institut, Cellular Immunology Unit, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch-Institut, Rapid Diagnostics Unit, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhsin","family":"O\u0308zel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch-Institut, Rapid Diagnostics Unit, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albrecht F.","family":"Kiderlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch-Institut, Cellular Immunology Unit, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Flieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch-Institut, Research Group Pathogenesis of Legionella Infections, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.9.3127-3133.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.6.2022-2028.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.51.2.422-424.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.8.2420-2425.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-140-6-1253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01317.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.7.2449-2456.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.12.5330-5333.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.8.3254-3261.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.9.3759-3767.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4427-4434.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.14.3.298-303.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(96)10041-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.41.1.9-16.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197712012972201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13895.x","volume":"166","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fritsche, T. R., D. Sobek, and R. K. Gautom. 1998. Enhancement of in vitro cytopathogenicity by Acanthamoeba spp. following acquisition of bacterial endosymbionts. FEBS Microbiol. Lett.166:231-236.","journal-title":"FEBS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.11.4738-4746.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2000.00044.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"690","volume":"22","year":"1986","unstructured":"Henke, M., and K. M. Seidel. 1986. Association between Legionella pneumophila and amoebae in water. Isr. J. Med. Sci.22:690-695.","journal-title":"Isr. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02645.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(84)90070-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.158.4.1319"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"945","volume":"4","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kagan, J. C., and C. R. Roy. 2000. Legionella phagosomes intercept vesicular traffic from endoplasmic reticulum exit sites. Nat. Cell Biol.4:945-954.","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02904.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.3.758-763.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"111","volume":"107","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kingston, M., and A. Padwell. 1994. Fatal legionellosis from gardening. N. Z. Med. J.107:111.","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050448","volume":"84","year":"1998","unstructured":"Laube, U., and A. F. Kiderlen. 1998. Detection of parasites with DNA-binding bisbenzimide H33258 in Pneumocystis carinii- and Leishmania-containing materials. Parasitol. Res.84:559-564.","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"37","volume":"43","year":"2004","unstructured":"Michel, R., M. Steinert, L. Z\u00f6ller, B. Haur\u00f6der, and K. Hennig. 2004. Free-living amoebae may serve as hosts for the Chlamydia-like bacterium Waddlia chondrophila isolated from aborted bovine foetus. Acta Protozool.43:37-42.","journal-title":"Acta Protozool."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"199","volume":"39","year":"2000","unstructured":"Michel, R., K.-D. M\u00fcller, B. Haur\u00f6der, and L. Z\u00f6ller. 2000. A coccoid bacterial parasite of Naegleria sp. (Schizopyrenida: Vahlkampfiidae) inhibits cyst formation of its host but not transformation to the flagellate stage. Acta Protozool.39:199-207.","journal-title":"Acta Protozool."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.1.296-301.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1983.tb02935.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.5.1688-1693.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.33.12.1179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"678","volume":"22","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rowbotham, T. J. 1986. Current views on the relationship between amoebae, legionellae and man. Isr. J. Med. Sci.22:678-689.","journal-title":"Isr. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00841.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.2.571-578.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1996.tb94110.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.12.5361-5373.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.5.2117-2124.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.4.1669"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.2.385-388.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3175-3180.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.5.2939-2947.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.6.2256-2261.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.9.3609-3620.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.114.24.4637"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.12.2750-2756.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04943.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5352.873"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2244-2249.2005","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2244-2249.2005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T15:18:30Z","timestamp":1645629510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2244-2249.2005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2244-2249.2005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.71.5.2244-2249.2005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-03-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-12-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-05-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}