{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:05:44Z","timestamp":1794002744297,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]],"date-time":"2005-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Rhamnolipids, naturally occurring biosurfactants constructed of rhamnose sugar molecules and \u03b2-hydroxyalkanoic acids, have a wide range of potential commercial applications. In the course of a survey of 33 different bacterial isolates, we have identified, using a phenotypic assay for rhamnolipid production, a strain of the nonpathogenic bacterial species\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas chlororaphis<\/jats:italic>\n            that is capable of producing rhamnolipids. Rhamnolipid production by\n            <jats:italic>P. chlororaphis<\/jats:italic>\n            was achieved by growth at room temperature in static cultures of a mineral salts medium containing 2% glucose. We obtained yields of roughly 1 g\/liter of rhamnolipids, an amount comparable to the production levels reported in\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n            grown with glucose as the carbon source. The rhamnolipids produced by\n            <jats:italic>P. chlororaphis<\/jats:italic>\n            appear to be exclusively the mono-rhamnolipid form. The most prevalent molecular species had one monounsaturated hydroxy fatty acid of 12 carbons and one saturated hydroxy fatty acid of 10 carbons.\n            <jats:italic>P. chlororaphis<\/jats:italic>\n            , a nonpathogenic saprophyte of the soil, is currently employed as a biocontrol agent against certain types of plant fungal diseases. The pathogenic nature of all bacteria previously known to produce rhamnolipids has been a major obstacle to commercial production of rhamnolipids. The use of\n            <jats:italic>P. chlororaphis<\/jats:italic>\n            therefore greatly simplifies this matter by removing the need for containment systems and stringent separation processes in the production of rhamnolipids.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.71.5.2288-2293.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,3]],"date-time":"2005-05-03T18:08:24Z","timestamp":1115143704000},"page":"2288-2293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":214,"title":["Production of Rhamnolipids by\n            <i>Pseudomonas chlororaphis<\/i>\n            , a Nonpathogenic Bacterium"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"71","author":[{"suffix":"IV","given":"Nereus W.","family":"Gunther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Nun\u0303ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Fett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K. 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