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The results showed that, in addition to uncultured<jats:italic>Rhodocyclus<\/jats:italic>-related PAO, two morphotypes hybridizing with gene probes for the gram-positive<jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>were also actively involved in uptake of orthophosphate (P<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>). Clone library analysis and further investigations by MAR-FISH using two new oligonucleotide probes revealed that both morphotypes, cocci in clusters of tetrads and short rods in clumps, were relatively closely related to the genus<jats:italic>Tetrasphaera<\/jats:italic>within the family<jats:italic>Intrasporangiaceae<\/jats:italic>of the<jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>(93 to 98% similarity in their 16S rRNA genes). FISH analysis of the community biomass in the treatment plant investigated showed that the short rods (targeted by probe Actino-658) were the most abundant (12% of all<jats:italic>Bacteria<\/jats:italic>hybridizing with general bacterial probes), while the cocci in tetrads (targeted by probe Actino-221) made up 7%. Both morphotypes took up P<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>aerobically only if, in a previous anaerobic phase, they had taken up organic matter from wastewater or a mixture of amino acids. They could not take up short-chain fatty acids (e.g., acetate), glucose, or ethanol under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. The storage compound produced during the anaerobic period was not polyhydroxyalkanoates, as for<jats:italic>Rhodocyclus<\/jats:italic>-related PAO, and its identity is still unknown. Growth and uptake of P<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>took place in the presence of oxygen and nitrate but not nitrite, indicating a lack of denitrifying ability. A survey of the occurrence of these actinobacterial PAO in 10 full-scale EBPR plants revealed that both morphotypes were widely present, and in several plants more abundant than the<jats:italic>Rhodocyclus<\/jats:italic>-related PAO, thus playing a very important role in the EBPR process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.71.7.4076-4085.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,7]],"date-time":"2005-07-07T06:37:11Z","timestamp":1120718231000},"page":"4076-4085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":239,"title":["Identity and Ecophysiology of Uncultured Actinobacterial Polyphosphate-Accumulating Organisms in Full-Scale Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Plants"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Yunhong","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Section of Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeppe Lund","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Section of Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Halkj\u00e6r","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Section of Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"1","year":"1995","unstructured":"Amann, R. 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