{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:33:36Z","timestamp":1790872416089,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Legionnaires' disease (LD) outbreaks are often traced to colonized potable water systems. We collected water samples from potable water systems of 96 buildings in Pinellas County, Florida, between January and April 2002, during a time when chlorine was the primary residual disinfectant, and from the same buildings between June and September 2002, immediately after monochloramine was introduced into the municipal water system. Samples were cultured for legionellae and amoebae using standard methods. We determined predictors of\n            <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n            colonization of individual buildings and of individual sampling sites. During the chlorine phase, 19 (19.8%) buildings were colonized with legionellae in at least one sampling site. During the monochloramine phase, six (6.2%) buildings were colonized. In the chlorine phase, predictors of\n            <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n            colonization included water source (source B compared to all others, adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 23) and the presence of a system with continuously circulating hot water (aOR, 9.8; 95% CI, 1.9 to 51). In the monochloramine phase, there were no predictors of individual building colonization, although we observed a trend toward greater effectiveness of monochloramine in hotels and single-family homes than in county government buildings. The presence of amoebae predicted\n            <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n            colonization at individual sampling sites in both phases (OR ranged from 15 to 46, depending on the phase and sampling site). The routine introduction of monochloramine into a municipal drinking water system appears to have reduced colonization by\n            <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. in buildings served by the system. Monochloramine may hold promise as community-wide intervention for the prevention of LD.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.72.1.378-383.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,3]],"date-time":"2006-01-03T20:33:36Z","timestamp":1136320416000},"page":"378-383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Introduction of Monochloramine into a Municipal Water System: Impact on Colonization of Buildings by\n            <i>Legionella<\/i>\n            spp"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marsha","family":"Pryor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pinellas County Utilities Laboratory, Largo, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Fields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claressa","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Phelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Information Management Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Besser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.8.2360-2367.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc. 2000. Minimizing the risk of legionellosis associated with building water systems 12-2000. ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 12-2000. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc. Atlanta Ga."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342903"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"30","year":"1993","unstructured":"Breiman, R. 1993. Modes of transmission in epidemic and nonepidemic Legionella infection: directions for further study, p. 30-35. In J. Barbaree, R. Breiman, and A. Dufour (ed.), Legionella: current status and emerging perspectives. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.","journal-title":"Legionella: current status and emerging perspectives"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440210074036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02896.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927010500044286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donlan R. R. Murga E. Brown J. Carpenter R. Besser and B. Fields. 2000. Monochloramine disinfection of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila in a potable water model system p. 406-410. In R. Marre Y. Abu Kwaik C. Bartlett N. P. Cianciotto B. S. Fields M. Frosch J. Hacker and P. C. Luck (ed.) Legionella . ASM Press Washington D.C.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817985.ch82"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"860","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fields, B. 2001. Legionellae and Legionnaire's disease, p. 860-870. In C. J. Hurst, R. L. Crawford, G. R. Knudsen, M. J. McInerney, and L. D. Stetzenbach (ed.), Manual of environmental microbiology, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.","journal-title":"Manual of environmental microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.506-526.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/502256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Kirmeyer G. G. Foust G. Pierson J. Simmler and M. LeChavalier. 1993. Optimizing chloramine treatment. American Water Works Association Denver Colo."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06394-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.54.10.2492-2499.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440360129015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2004.0025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Methods for the determination of metals in environmental samples supplement I. EPA\/600\/R-94\/111. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule. EPA 815-F-98-010. [Online.] http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/OGWDW\/mdbp\/dbp1.html\n."}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.72.1.378-383.2006","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.72.1.378-383.2006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T15:42:03Z","timestamp":1645630923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.72.1.378-383.2006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.72.1.378-383.2006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.72.1.378-383.2006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-07-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-10-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}