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Strains of\n            <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            , the most common causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, were found to have the highest ability to form biofilms among the test strains. The quantity, rate of formation, and adherence stability of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            biofilms showed considerable dependence on both temperature and surface material. Glass and polystyrene surfaces gave between two- to sevenfold-higher yields of biofilms at 37\u00b0C or 42\u00b0C than at 25\u00b0C; conversely, polypropylene surface had between 2 to 16 times higher yields at 25\u00b0C than at 37\u00b0C or 42\u00b0C. On glass surfaces, the biofilms were formed faster but attached less stably at 37\u00b0C or 42\u00b0C than at 25\u00b0C. Both scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that biofilms formed at 37\u00b0C or 42\u00b0C were mycelial mat like and were composed of filamentous cells, while at 25\u00b0C, cells were rod shaped. Planktonic cells outside of biofilms or in shaken liquid cultures were rod shaped. Notably, the filamentous cells were found to be multinucleate and lacking septa, but a\n            <jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic>\n            null mutant of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            was unaffected in its temperature-regulated filamentation within biofilms. Our data also showed that filamentous cells were able to rapidly give rise to a large number of short rods in a fresh liquid culture at 37\u00b0C. The possibility of this biofilm to represent a novel strategy by\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            to compete for proliferation among the environmental microbiota is discussed.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.72.2.1613-1622.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,3]],"date-time":"2006-02-03T21:18:24Z","timestamp":1139001504000},"page":"1613-1622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Temperature-Regulated Formation of Mycelial Mat-Like Biofilms by\n            <i>Legionella pneumophila<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Piao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun Chau","family":"Sze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Barysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken-ichiro","family":"Iida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-ichi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.25980-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.6.2240-2246.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.1999.00046.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-140-6-1253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342903"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002849900233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01425-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.22.6980-6985.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m92-071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00269133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01245.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.172.11.6568-6572.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.020063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"3097","volume":"135","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dreyfus, L. 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