{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:03:47Z","timestamp":1791309827842,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]],"date-time":"2006-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agent of anthrax, is known for its rapid proliferation and dissemination in mammalian hosts. In contrast, little information exists regarding the lifestyle of this important pathogen outside of the host. Considering that\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, including close relatives of\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , are saprophytic soil organisms, we investigated the capacity of\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores to germinate in the rhizosphere and to establish populations of vegetative cells that could support horizontal gene transfer in the soil. Using a simple grass plant-soil model system, we show that\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains germinate on and around roots, growing in characteristic long filaments. From 2 to 4 days postinoculation, approximately one-half of the\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    CFU recovered from soil containing grass seedlings arose from heat-sensitive organisms, while\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    CFU retrieved from soil without plants consisted of primarily heat-resistant spores. Coinoculation of the plant-soil system with spores of a fertile\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain carrying the tetracycline resistance plasmid pBC16 and a selectable\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    recipient strain resulted in transfer of pBC16 from the donor to the recipient as early as 3 days postinoculation. Our findings demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    can survive as a saprophyte outside of the host. The data suggest that horizontal gene transfer in the rhizosphere of grass plants may play a role in the evolution of the\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    group species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.72.5.3168-3174.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,3]],"date-time":"2006-05-03T22:49:21Z","timestamp":1146696561000},"page":"3168-3174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    Multiplication, Persistence, and Genetic Exchange in the Rhizosphere of Grass Plants"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Elke","family":"Saile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas\u2014Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa M.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas\u2014Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01419.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(99)00024-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.162.2.543-550.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(03)00144-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.7.3348-3356.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00685.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4873-4877.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(95)00685-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curl E. A. and B. Truelove. 1986. The rhizosphere. Springer-Verlag New York N.Y.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70722-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02340.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08000.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"19","volume":"68","year":"1990","unstructured":"de Vos, V. 1990. The ecology of anthrax in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Salisbury Med. Bull.68:19-23.","journal-title":"Salisbury Med. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.1.475-482.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.6.4.324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400015795"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02747-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(98)00544-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.2.1197-1205.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.14.4.934-941.1976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13405.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.2.223-231.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.9.2820-2825.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.12.3296-3304.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.49.2.291-297.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.1.104-113.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.2138-2139.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02723-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402414101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1336"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2003.00461.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"Kaufmann A. F. 1989. Presented at the International Workshop on Anthrax Winchester United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.2000.90.6.657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.3.586-595.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.11.5271-5278.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.10.4895-4902.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"71","volume":"61","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lindeque, P. M., and P. C. Turnbull. 1994. Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res.61:71-83.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80004-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.8.3061-3065.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.14.4266-4272.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2003.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"3","year":"1993","unstructured":"Priest, F. G. 1993. Systematics and ecology of Bacillus, p. 3-16. In A. L. Sonenshein, J. A. Hoch, and R. Losick (ed.), Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria: biochemistry, physiology, and molecular genetics. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.","journal-title":"Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria: biochemistry, physiology, and molecular genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01586"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071837"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.11.5263-5270.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","unstructured":"Agronomy facts 1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.2.370-380.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.2.779-784.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.3.775-806.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002849900328"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.11.3531-3538.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonenshein A. L. J. A. Hoch and R. Losick. 1993. Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria: biochemistry physiology and molecular genetics. American Society for Microbiology Washington D.C.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","first-page":"49","volume":"9","year":"1937","unstructured":"Sterne, M. 1937. The effects of different carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth of virulent anthrax strains. Pathogenicity and immunity tests on guinea pigs and sheep with anthrax variants derived from virulent strains. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind.9:49-67.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","first-page":"271","volume":"8","year":"1937","unstructured":"Sterne, M. 1937. Variation in Bacillus anthracis. Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind.8:271-349.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(99)00315-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"9S","volume":"20","year":"1991","unstructured":"Titball, R. W., P. C. Turnbull, and R. A. Hutson. 1991. The monitoring and detection of Bacillus anthracis in the environment. Soc. Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. Ser.20:9S-18S.","journal-title":"Soc. Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. Ser."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","first-page":"1153","volume":"24","year":"1970","unstructured":"Toschkoff, A., and D. Veljanov. 1970. Sporulation und Virulenz von Bacillus anthracis in ge\u00f6ffneten und nicht ge\u00f6ffneten Tierleichen. Arch. Exp. Veterin\u00e4rmed.24:1153-1160.","journal-title":"Arch. Exp. Veterin\u00e4rmed."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05767-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","unstructured":"Turnbull P. C. B. R. B\u00f6hm O. Cosivi M. Doganay M. E. Hugh-Jones D. D. Joshi M. K. Lalitha and V. de Vos. 1998. Guidelines on surveillance and control of anthrax in humans and animals. World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.172.3990.1303"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.72.5.3168-3174.2006","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.72.5.3168-3174.2006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T21:39:51Z","timestamp":1645565991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.72.5.3168-3174.2006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.72.5.3168-3174.2006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.72.5.3168-3174.2006","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1006165.373138","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1006165.372979","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-10-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-02-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-05-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}