{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T03:00:09Z","timestamp":1776308409292,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ASM Case Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune condition that is increasingly being recognized as a complication of central nervous system infections. While association with herpes simplex virus encephalitis is well established, the condition has also been reported to occur following Japanese encephalitis virus infection and yellow fever vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>Case Summary<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>Here, we report a case of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis following infection with Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), another virus of the family Flaviviridae. Following initial recovery, and 34 days after the onset of illness, our patient developed autonomic instability, orofacial dyskinesia, and decreased level of consciousness. Diagnosis was established with the detection of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid. Immunosuppressive therapy with rituximab and corticosteroids resulted in a favorable outcome.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>This case report raises awareness of post-viral autoimmune encephalitis which should be considered in patients with a biphasic pattern of illness following viral encephalitis or a compatible clinical syndrome. Given the initial diagnosis of Murray Valley encephalitis, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of MVEV as an infectious trigger associated with the development of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. We also highlight the challenges inherent in the diagnosis of flavivirus infections, which may require a combination of clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory evidence.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/asmcr.00025-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T09:00:27Z","timestamp":1739350827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis following Murray Valley encephalitis: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Arvind","family":"Yerramilli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Albury-Wodonga Health","place":["Albury, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity","place":["Melbourne, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prashanth","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity","place":["Melbourne, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital","place":["Fitzroy, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Burston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Albury-Wodonga Health","place":["Albury, Australia"]},{"name":"Charles Sturt University School of Rural Medicine","place":["Albury, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annaleise R.","family":"Howard-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead","place":["Westmead, Australia"]},{"name":"Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2828-2922","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chuan Kok","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity","place":["Melbourne, Australia"]},{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity","place":["Melbourne, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jen","family":"Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Center for Infectious Diseases-Public Health, Westmead Hospital","place":["Westmead, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Albury-Wodonga Health","place":["Albury, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital","place":["Fitzroy, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4151-9194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Albury-Wodonga Health","place":["Albury, Australia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Rural Clinical School","place":["Albury, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8501-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2019.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1256149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection - Australian national notifiable diseases case definition [Internet]. 2024. Department of Health and Aged Care The Australian Government. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-01\/murray-valley-encephalitis-virus-infection-surveillance-case-definition_0.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.11026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Department of Health and Aged Care The Australian Government. 2023. Statement on the end of Japanese encephalitis virus emergency response [Internet]. Internet. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/news\/statement-on-the-end-of-japanese-encephalitis-virus-emergency-response. Retrieved 10 Dec 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.16086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quigley A Honeyman D. 2023. Murray Valley Encephalitis Outbreak in Australia. Available from: https:\/\/account.jglobalbiosecurity.com\/index.php\/up-j-gb\/article\/view\/216. Retrieved 26 Jan 2024.","DOI":"10.31646\/gbio.216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard-Jones AR Mahar J Proudmore K Butel-Simoes G Eden JS Neave MJ et al.. Diagnostic and phylogenetic perspectives of the 2023 Murray Valley encephalitis virus outbreak in Australia [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=4714415. Retrieved 24 Nov 2024.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2023.12.136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1280-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30244-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70253-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9"}],"container-title":["ASM Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/asmcr.00025-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/asmcr.00025-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:28:59Z","timestamp":1757438939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/asmcr.00025-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ritu","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/asmcr.00025-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmcr.00025-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2996-2684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2996-2684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00025-24"}}