{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T03:58:47Z","timestamp":1788580727910,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]],"date-time":"2003-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1057017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have previously shown that young adults living in a rural area of northern Malawi showed greater gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) responses to purified protein derivatives (PPD) prepared from environmental mycobacteria than to PPD from<jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>. In order to define the mycobacterial species to which individuals living in a rural African population have been exposed and sensitized, we tested T-cell recognition of recombinant and purified antigens from<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>(38 kDa, MPT64, and ESAT-6),<jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>(MPB70),<jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>BCG (Ag85), and<jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic>(65 kDa, 35 kDa, and 18 kDa) in &gt;600 non-<jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>BCG-vaccinated young adults in the Karonga District of northern Malawi. IFN-\u03b3 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in day 6 supernatants of diluted whole-blood cultures. The recombinant<jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic>35-kDa and 18-kDa and purified native<jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>BCG Ag85 antigens induced the highest percentages of responders, though both leprosy and bovine tuberculosis are now rare in this population. The<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>antigens ESAT-6 and MPT64 and the<jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>antigen MPB70 induced the lowest percentages of responders. One of the subjects subsequently developed extrapulmonary tuberculosis; this individual had a 15-mm-diameter reaction to the Mantoux test and responded to<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>PPD, Ag85, MPT64, and ESAT-6 but not to any of the leprosy antigens. We conclude that in this rural African population, exposure to<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>is much less frequent than exposure to environmental mycobacteria such as<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>, which have antigens homologous to the<jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic>35-kDa and 18-kDa antigens.<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>ESAT-6 showed the strongest association with the size of the Mantoux skin test induration, suggesting that among the three<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>antigens tested it provided the best indication of exposure to, or infection with,<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.10.4.602-611.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,9]],"date-time":"2003-07-09T21:36:29Z","timestamp":1057786589000},"page":"602-611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Gamma Interferon Responses Induced by a Panel of Recombinant and Purified Mycobacterial Antigens in Healthy, Non-<i>Mycobacterium bovis<\/i>BCG-Vaccinated Malawian Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gillian F.","family":"Black","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene &amp; 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Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorren","family":"Mwaungulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifted","family":"Sichali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sian","family":"Floyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyn","family":"Bliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Jarman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warwick","family":"Britton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, Sydney 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glyn","family":"Hewinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Laboratories, Weybridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Huygen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Paulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GBF, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahavir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GBF, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Prestidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genesis, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E. 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