{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:55:12Z","timestamp":1760367312015},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]],"date-time":"2003-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1062374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunodiffusion (ID) is the serologic test most frequently used for the diagnosis and posttherapy follow-up of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). The ID test is highly specific (100%), but its sensitivity is relatively low (90%), leading to false-negative results. The aim of this study was to determine the profiles of antibodies in sera from patients with proven PCM and with negative results in the ID test (ID<jats:sup>neg<\/jats:sup>) versus positive results in the ID test (ID<jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>). We analyzed 46 sera from patients with active PCM for total immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG subclass responses to<jats:italic>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>gp43 antigen (treated or not treated with sodium metaperiodate) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. Immunoblotting showed that both ID<jats:sup>neg<\/jats:sup>and ID<jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>sera recognized predominantly the gp43 fraction of the<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>antigen used in the ID test. ID<jats:sup>neg<\/jats:sup>sera contain low-avidity antibodies, low levels of specific IgG (total) and IgG1, and high levels of IgG2 compared with ID<jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>sera. The antibodies present in ID<jats:sup>neg<\/jats:sup>sera were predominantly directed against carbohydrate epitopes, since treatment with sodium metaperiodate resulted in a significant decrease in antibody reactivity. These data suggest that the lack of reactivity of sera from PCM patients in the ID test may be related to the production of low-avidity IgG2 antibodies directed against carbohydrate epitopes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.10.5.802-807.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,9]],"date-time":"2003-09-09T17:05:04Z","timestamp":1063127104000},"page":"802-807","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Negative Immunodiffusion Test Results Obtained with Sera of Paracoccidioidomycosis Patients May Be Related to Low-Avidity Immunoglobulin G2 Antibodies Directed against Carbohydrate Epitopes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Andre\u0301ia R.","family":"Neves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronei L.","family":"Mamoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cla\u0301udio L.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoilo P.","family":"de Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Sa\u0303o Paulo (UNIFESP), Sa\u0303o Paulo, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Heloi\u0301sa S. 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