{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:43:24Z","timestamp":1773287004951,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]],"date-time":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>A diagnostic algorithm was developed to differentiate between human infections of West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) using positive-to-negative (P\/N) ratios derived from the immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA). To validate this algorithm, we tested 1,418 serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from confirmed WNV and SLEV infections collected during the WNV epidemic of 2002 in the United States. WNV P\/N-to-SLEV P\/N ratios (W\/S ratios) were calculated and used to identify the infecting virus. These results were compared to results from the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), which is currently the standard assay used to discriminate between closely related flavivirus infections. If the W\/S ratio was \u22651, the predictive value positive (PNP) for WNV was 97.8%, where 95% of flavivirus cases were due to WNV infection and only 3.7% of specimens would require PRNT to differentiate WNV from SLEV infection. Use of the W\/S ratio as part of the testing algorithm to interpret MAC-ELISA results generates reportable probable cases quickly, alleviating the need for PRNT in most instances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.11.6.1130-1133.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,11]],"date-time":"2004-11-11T18:37:49Z","timestamp":1100198269000},"page":"1130-1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evaluation of a Diagnostic Algorithm Using Immunoglobulin M Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay To Differentiate Human West Nile Virus and St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Infections during the 2002 West Nile Virus Epidemic in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Denise A.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Noga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Kosoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyle R.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Lanciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"12","volume":"46","year":"1997","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1997. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.46:12-13.","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"977","volume":"51","year":"2002","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002. Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast feeding\u2014Michigan, 2002. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.51:977-978.","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"1129","volume":"51","year":"2002","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002. Provisional surveillance summary of the West Nile virus epidemic\u2014United States, January-November 2002. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.51:1129-1133.","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"879","volume":"51","year":"2002","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002. Update: investigations of West Nile virus infections in recipients of organ transplantation and blood transfusion\u2014Michigan, 2002. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.51:879.","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2000.13.469","volume":"13","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gubler, D. J., G. L. Campbell, R. Nasci, N. Komar, L. Petersen, and J. T. Roehrig. 2000. West Nile virus in the United States: guidelines for detection, prevention, and control. Viral Immunol.13:469-475.","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"859","year":"1999","unstructured":"Heinz, F. X., M. S. Collett, R. H. Purcell, E. A. Gould, C. R. Howard, M. Houghton, J. Moorman, C. M. Rice, and H.-J. Thiel. 1999. Family: Flaviviridae, p. 859-878. In M. H. V. Van Regenmortel, C. M. Fouquet, D. H. L. Bishop, E. B. Carstens, M. K. Estes, S. M. Lemon, J. Maniloff, M. A. Mayo, D. J. McGeoch, C. R. Pringle and R. B. Wicker (ed.), Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. 7th Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif.","journal-title":"Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. 7th Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.4.6.503-510.1976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"544","volume":"9","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martin, D. A., B. J. Biggerstaff, B. Allen, A. J. Johnson, R. S. Lanciotti, and J. T. Roehrig. 2002. Use of immunoglobulin M cross-reactions in differential diagnosis of human flaviviral encephalitis infections in the United States. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.9:544-549.","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.1823-1826.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(99)00059-1"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CDLI.11.6.1130-1133.2004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CDLI.11.6.1130-1133.2004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T20:34:59Z","timestamp":1627590899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CDLI.11.6.1130-1133.2004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CDLI.11.6.1130-1133.2004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cdli.11.6.1130-1133.2004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-07-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-09-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}