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Its cause(s) as well as the mechanism of thalidomide in arresting this condition are not fully understood. It has been suggested that ENL is an immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity precipitated by the release of<jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>from macrophages. The released antigen may complex with precipitating antibodies, initiating complement fixation and the production of inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1). Thalidomide has been shown in vitro to reduce antigen- or mitogen-activated macrophage production of TNF-\u03b1. We investigated if thalidomide could also influence the viability of intracellular<jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic>. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were infected with<jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic>, activated with gamma interferon and endotoxin, or nonactivated, and treated with thalidomide. Intracellular bacilli were recovered, and metabolic activity was assessed by a radiorespirometric procedure. Thalidomide did not possess antimicrobial action against<jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic>in normal and activated host macrophages. This suggests that thalidomide does not retard the release of mycobacterial antigens, a possible prelude or precipitating factor for ENL. A distinct sequence of events explaining the mechanism of action for thalidomide's successful treatment of ENL has yet to be established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.12.1.130-134.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,10]],"date-time":"2005-01-10T23:08:03Z","timestamp":1105398483000},"page":"130-134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of Thalidomide on Intracellular<i>Mycobacterium leprae<\/i>in Normal and Activated Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences"},{"name":"National Hansen's Disease Programs, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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