{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T01:35:28Z","timestamp":1779240928787,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,3,1]],"date-time":"1998-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":888710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The possibility that a mucolytic drug, i.e., acetylcysteine, given orally may enhance the gut mucosal or systemic immune response to an oral B-subunit\u2013whole-cell (B-WC) cholera vaccine was evaluated for 40 adult Swedish volunteers, and the kinetics of the immune responses were monitored for responding volunteers. Two doses of vaccine induced similar frequencies of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antitoxin responses (80 to 90%) and vibriocidal titer increases (60 to 65%) in serum irrespective of whether the vaccine was given alone or together with 2 g of acetylcysteine. In feces the frequencies of IgA antitoxin (67%) and antibacterial (33 to 40%) antibody responses were also comparable in the two immunization groups. Six months after vaccination, IgA and IgG antitoxin as well as vibriocidal antibody titer increases in serum could still be detected in approximately 80% of initially responding vaccinees. Significantly elevated fecal antitoxin and antibacterial IgA antibody levels were found in, respectively, 50 and 43% of those volunteers who initially had responded to the vaccine. Determination of IgA antibodies in feces does not seem to offer any advantages compared to determination in serum for assessment of immune responses after immunization with inactivated cholera vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.5.2.247-250.1998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T19:20:18Z","timestamp":1577820018000},"page":"247-250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Kinetics of Local and Systemic Immune Responses to an Oral Cholera Vaccine Given Alone or Together with Acetylcysteine"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Kilhamn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology1 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Infectious Diseases,2 Go\u0308teborg University, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Jertborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology1 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Infectious Diseases,2 Go\u0308teborg University, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.-M.","family":"Svennerholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(93)90380-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"\u00c5hr\u00e9n C. M. Jertborn and A.-M. Svennerholm. Unpublished data."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"405","article-title":"Oral acetylcysteine reduces exacerbation rate in chronic bronchitis: report of a trial organized by the Swedish Society for Pulmonary Diseases.","volume":"64","author":"Boman G.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Boman G. B\u00e4cker U. Larsson S. Melander B. W\u00e5hlander L. Oral acetylcysteine reduces exacerbation rate in chronic bronchitis: report of a trial organized by the Swedish Society for Pulmonary Diseases. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 64 1983 405 415","journal-title":"Eur. J. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.1.175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90080-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czerkinsky C. A.-M. Svennerholm and J. Holmgren. 1993. Induction and assessment of immunity at enteromucosal surfaces in humans: implications for vaccine development. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16 (Suppl. 2) : S106\u2013S116.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/16.Supplement_2.S106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Dertzbaugh\nM. T.\nElson\nC. O.\nCholera toxin as a mucosal adjuvant\nTopics in vaccine adjuvant research.\nSpriggs\nD. R.\nKoff\nW. C.\n1991\n119\n131\nCRC Press\nBoca Raton Fla"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elson\nC. O.\nDertzbaugh\nM. T.\nMucosal adjuvants\nHandbook of mucosal immunology.\nOgra\nP. L.\nLamm\nM. E.\nMcGhee\nJ. R.\nMestecky\nJ.\nStrober\nW.\nBienenstock\nJ.\n1994\n391\n402\nAcademic Press\nSan Diego Calif","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-524730-6.50038-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Ferrari V. 1980. Safety and drug interactions of oral acetylcysteine related to utilization data. Eur. J. Respir. 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