{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:32:46Z","timestamp":1771515166023,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,1]],"date-time":"1998-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":893980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum samples from 14 patients with<jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>pneumonia were examined for the presence of cytokines. In spite of high levels of serum C-reactive protein in all patients during the acute phase in only four cases (one involving interleukin-1\u03b2 [IL-1\u03b2], three involving IL-6, and none involving tumor necrosis factor alpha) was the concentration of cytokines more than 100 pg\/ml. Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were detected in only one patient each. In contrast, significant increases of serum gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) and IL-12 levels were observed during the acute phase in 6 and 11 cases, respectively. Interestingly, although serum IFN-\u03b3 levels diminished thereafter, in seven cases IL-12 levels remained high or increased further during the convalescent phase. In an additional 22 cases clinically suspected to be but not diagnosed as<jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>pneumonia, increases of serum IL-12 levels were observed in 16 cases, whereas the remaining 6 cases showed no detectable IL-12. Our results demonstrate the relative predominance of Th1 cytokine production in<jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>pneumonia. Although the role and significance of prolonged increases in IL-12 levels in<jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>disease are unknown, our results should prompt further investigation of the host immune response in terms of Th1 and Th2 balance in legionellosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.5.3.401-403.1998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T19:20:55Z","timestamp":1577820055000},"page":"401-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Serum Cytokines in Patients with<i>Legionella<\/i>Pneumonia: Relative Predominance of Th1-Type Cytokines"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Tateda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiko","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keizo","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Edelstein P. 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