{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:47:55Z","timestamp":1793468875493,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]],"date-time":"1999-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":920246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Pigs reared commercially indoors are exposed to air heavily contaminated with particulate and gaseous pollutants. Epidemiological surveys have shown an association between the levels of these pollutants and the severity of lesions associated with the upper respiratory tract disease of swine atrophic rhinitis. This study investigated the role of aerial pollutants in the etiology of atrophic rhinitis induced by\n            <jats:italic>Pasteurella multocida<\/jats:italic>\n            . Forty, 1-week-old Large White piglets were weaned and divided into eight groups designated A to H. The groups were housed in Rochester exposure chambers and continuously exposed to the following pollutants: ovalbumin (groups A and B), ammonia (groups C and D), ovalbumin plus ammonia (groups E and F), and unpolluted air (groups G and H). The concentrations of pollutants used were 20 mg m\n            <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n            total mass and 5 mg m\n            <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n            respirable mass for ovalbumin dust and 50 ppm for ammonia. One week after exposure commenced, the pigs in groups A, C, E, and G were infected with\n            <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n            type D by intranasal inoculation. After 4 weeks of exposure to pollutants, the pigs were killed and the extent of turbinate atrophy was assessed with a morphometric index (MI). Control pigs kept in clean air and not inoculated with\n            <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n            (group H) had normal turbinate morphology with a mean MI of 41.12% (standard deviation [SD], \u00b1 1.59%). In contrast, exposure to pollutants in the absence of\n            <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n            (groups B, D, and F) induced mild turbinate atrophy with mean MIs of 49.65% (SD, \u00b11.96%), 51.04% (SD, \u00b12.06%), and 49.88% (SD, \u00b13.51%), respectively. A similar level of atrophy was also evoked by inoculation with\n            <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n            in the absence of pollutants (group G), giving a mean MI of 50.77% (SD, \u00b12.07%). However, when\n            <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n            inoculation was combined with pollutant exposure (groups A, C, and E) moderate to severe turbinate atrophy occurred with mean MIs of 64.93% (SD, \u00b14.64%), 59.18% (SD, \u00b12.79%), and 73.30% (SD, \u00b13.19%), respectively. The severity of atrophy was greatest in pigs exposed simultaneously to dust and ammonia. At the end of the exposure period, higher numbers of\n            <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n            bacteria were isolated from the tonsils than from the nasal membrane, per gram of tissue. The severity of turbinate atrophy in inoculated pigs was proportional to the number of\n            <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n            bacteria isolated from tonsils (\n            <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            = 0.909,\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05) and nasal membrane (\n            <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            = 0.628,\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05). These findings indicate that aerial pollutants contribute to the severity of lesions associated with atrophic rhinitis by facilitating colonization of the pig\u2019s upper respiratory tract by\n            <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n            and also by directly evoking mild atrophy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.6.2.199-203.1999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T19:22:09Z","timestamp":1577820129000},"page":"199-203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Contributory and Exacerbating Roles of Gaseous Ammonia and Organic Dust in the Etiology of Atrophic Rhinitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"T. D. C.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Aerobiology Group, Division of Animal Health and Husbandry, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Roe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Aerobiology Group, Division of Animal Health and Husbandry, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Aerobiology Group, Division of Animal Health and Husbandry, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN,2 United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. R.","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Aerobiology Group, Division of Animal Health and Husbandry, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J. F.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Aerobiology Group, Division of Animal Health and Husbandry, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589102800402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Influence of dust and ammonia on the development of air sac lesions in turkeys.","volume":"29","author":"Anderson D. P.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Anderson D. P. Wolfe R. W. Cherms F. L. Roper W. E. Influence of dust and ammonia on the development of air sac lesions in turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res. 29 1968 1049 1058","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Baekbo\nP.\nAir quality in Danish pig herds\nProceedings of the 11th Congress of the International Pig Veterinary Society. Lausanne Switzerland 1 to 5 July 1990\n1990\n395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"1976","article-title":"The stockman\u2019s work.","author":"Cermack T.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Cermack T. The stockman\u2019s work. Pig Farming Pig Housing December 1976 1976(Suppl.):75\u201381.","journal-title":"Pig Farming Pig Housing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31230-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Corry\nJ. E. L.\nQuality assessment of culture media by the Miles-Misra method\nQuality assurance and quality control of microbiological culture media. Proceedings of a symposium.\nCorry\nJ. E. L.\n1982\n21\n37\nG-I-T Verlag Ernst Giebler\nDarmstadt Germany"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1975.4151502x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"1353","article-title":"Response of swine to atmospheric ammonia and organic dust.","volume":"159","author":"Doig P. A.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Doig P. A. Willoughby R. A. Response of swine to atmospheric ammonia and organic dust. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 159 1971 1353 1361","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Done\nJ. T.\nAtrophic rhinitis: pathomorphological diagnoses\nAtrophic rhinitis in pigs.\nPedersen\nK. B.\nNielsen\nN. C.\n1983\n3\n12\nCommission of European Communities\nLuxembourg Luxembourg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.114.2.33"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.128.25.582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"963","article-title":"Effects of atmospheric ammonia on young pigs experimentally infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica.","volume":"42","author":"Drummond J. G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Drummond J. G. Curtis S. E. Meyer R. C. Simon J. Norton H. W. Effects of atmospheric ammonia on young pigs experimentally infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42 1981 963 968","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1980.5061085x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367776781071477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(89)80057-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Some observations on atrophic rhinitis in the pig.","volume":"27","author":"Goodwin R. F. W.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Goodwin R. F. W. Some observations on atrophic rhinitis in the pig. Pig Vet. J. 27 1991 23 29","journal-title":"Pig Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.9.2185-2190.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.5.1260-1265.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"The influence of buildings on respiratory disease.","volume":"9","author":"Owen J. E.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Owen J. E. The influence of buildings on respiratory disease. Pig Vet. Soc. Proc. 9 1982 24 35","journal-title":"Pig Vet. Soc. Proc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"243","article-title":"Infectious atrophic rhinitis: a review.","volume":"7","author":"Pearce H. G.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Pearce H. G. Roe C. K. Infectious atrophic rhinitis: a review. Can. Vet. J. 7 1966 243 256","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"513","article-title":"The aetiological significance of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida in atrophic rhinitis of swine.","volume":"33","author":"Pedersen K. B.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Pedersen K. B. Barfod K. The aetiological significance of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida in atrophic rhinitis of swine. Nord. Vetmed. 33 1981 513 522","journal-title":"Nord. Vetmed."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(84)90041-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"173","article-title":"Atrophic rhinitis and the aerial environment.","volume":"50","author":"Robertson J. F.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Robertson J. F. Wilson D. Smith W. J. Atrophic rhinitis and the aerial environment. Anim. Prod. 50 1990 173 182","journal-title":"Anim. Prod."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.108.21.451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.114.4.89"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"531","article-title":"Atrophic rhinitis in gnotobiotic piglets: differences in pathogenicity of Pasteurella multocida in combined infections with Bordetella bronchiseptica.","volume":"110","author":"Rutter J. M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rutter J. M. Rojas X. Atrophic rhinitis in gnotobiotic piglets: differences in pathogenicity of Pasteurella multocida in combined infections with Bordetella bronchiseptica. Vet. Rec. 110 1982 531 535","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.115.24.615"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"The influence of feed and feed delivery systems on respiratory disease.","volume":"9","author":"Strang M. M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Strang M. M. The influence of feed and feed delivery systems on respiratory disease. Pig Vet. Soc. Proc. 9 1982 36 46","journal-title":"Pig Vet. Soc. Proc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"Switzer\nW. P.\nFarrington\nD. O.\nInfectious atrophic rhinitis\nDiseases of swine\n4th ed.\nDunne\nH. W.\nLeman\nA. D.\n1975\n687\n711\n Iowa State University Press\nAmes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(70)90035-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"Wathes\nC. M.\nEnvironmental control in pig housing\nProceedings of the 15th Congress of the International Pig Veterinary Society\n1998\n257\n265"}],"container-title":["Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CDLI.6.2.199-203.1999","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CDLI.6.2.199-203.1999","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T03:50:35Z","timestamp":1645588235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CDLI.6.2.199-203.1999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CDLI.6.2.199-203.1999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cdli.6.2.199-203.1999","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-412X","1098-6588"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-412X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6588","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1998-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-12-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1999-03-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}