{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T16:36:06Z","timestamp":1775234166001,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,1]],"date-time":"1999-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":941414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Salivary anticandidal activities play an important role in oral candidal infection. R. P. Santarpia et al. (Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 7:38\u201343, 1992) developed in vitro anticandidal assays to measure the ability of saliva to inhibit the viability of\n            <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            blastoconidia and the formation of germ tubes by\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            . In this report, we describe modifications of these assays for use with small volumes of saliva (50 to 100 \u03bcl). For healthy subjects, there is strong inhibition of blastoconidial viability in stimulated parotid (75%), submandibular-sublingual (74%), and whole (97%) saliva, as well as strong inhibition of germ tube formation (&gt;80%) for all three saliva types. The susceptibility of several\n            <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates to inhibition of viability by saliva collected from healthy subjects is independent of body source of\n            <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n            isolation (blood, oral cavity, or vagina) or the susceptibility of the isolate to the antifungal drug fluconazole. Salivary anticandidal activities in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients were significantly lower than those in healthy controls for inhibition of blastoconidial viability (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05) and germ tube formation (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001). Stimulated whole-saliva flow rates were also significantly lower (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05) for HIV-infected patients. These results show that saliva of healthy individuals has anticandidal activity and that this activity is reduced in the saliva of HIV-infected patients. These findings may help explain the greater incidence of oral candidal infections for individuals with AIDS.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.6.6.851-855.1999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T19:23:54Z","timestamp":1577820234000},"page":"851-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Further Characterization of Human Salivary Anticandidal Activities in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Cohort by Use of Microassays"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alan L.","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Departments of Dental Diagnostic Science,1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinghong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Departments of Dental Diagnostic Science,1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorthea A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Community Dentistry,2"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Medicine,3 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System,4 San Antonio, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->Pathology,5 University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System,4 San Antonio, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Ko","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Departments of Dental Diagnostic Science,1"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Community Dentistry,2"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System,4 San Antonio, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Evaluation of salivary antimicrobial proteins following HIV-1 infection.","volume":"3","author":"Atkinson J. C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Atkinson J. C. Yeh C.-K. Oppenheim F. G. Bermudez D. Baum B. J. Fox P. C. Evaluation of salivary antimicrobial proteins following HIV-1 infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 3 1990 41 48","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. 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