{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:43:48Z","timestamp":1781325828038,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n The early detection of\n Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n , the causative agent of tularemia, is important for adequate treatment by antibiotics and the outcome of the disease. Here we describe a new capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) based on monoclonal antibodies specific for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of\n Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n subsp.\n holarctica<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n subsp.\n tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n . No cross-reactivity with\n Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n subsp.\n novicida<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Francisella philomiragia<\/jats:italic>\n , and a panel of other possibly related bacteria, including\n Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n spp.,\n Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n spp.,\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n spp., was observed. The detection limit of the assay was 10\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n to 10\n 4<\/jats:sup>\n bacteria\/ml. This sensitivity was achieved by solubilization of the LPS prior to the cELISA. In addition, a novel immunochromatographic membrane-based handheld assay (HHA) and a PCR, targeting sequences of the 17-kDa protein (TUL4) gene of\n F. tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n , were used in this study. Compared to the cELISA, the sensitivity of the HHA was about 100 times lower and that of the PCR was about 10 times higher. All three techniques were successfully applied to detect\n F. tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n in tissue samples of European brown hares (\n Lepus europaeus<\/jats:italic>\n ). Whereas all infected samples were recognized by the cELISA, those with relatively low bacterial load were partially or not detected by PCR and HHA, probably due to inhibitors or lack of sensitivity. In conclusion, the HHA can be used as a very fast and simple approach to perform field diagnosis to obtain a first hint of an infection with\n F. tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n , especially in emergent situations. In any suspect case, the diagnosis should be confirmed by more sensitive techniques, such as the cELISA and PCR.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.7.1.86-90.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,23]],"date-time":"2009-04-23T17:52:55Z","timestamp":1240509175000},"page":"86-90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Detection of\n Francisella tularensis<\/i>\n in Biological Specimens Using a Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, an Immunochromatographic Handheld Assay, and a PCR"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Roland","family":"Grunow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Federal Armed Forces Medical Academy, 80937 Munich, Germany1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolf","family":"Splettstoesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Federal Armed Forces Medical Academy, 80937 Munich, Germany1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahra","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Otterbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Federal Armed Forces Medical Academy, 80937 Munich, Germany1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland3; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland3; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Aldrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland3; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erwin","family":"Hofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Control of Infectious Diseases of Animals, 2340 Mo\u0308dling, Austria4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernst-Ju\u0308rgen","family":"Finke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Federal Armed Forces Medical Academy, 80937 Munich, Germany1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Federal Armed Forces Medical Academy, 80937 Munich, Germany1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Rapid method for the diagnosis of Bacillus anthracis infection in clinical samples using a hand-held assay.","volume":"87","author":"Burans J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Burans J. Keleher A. O'Brien T. Hager-Aldrich J. Plummer A. Morgan C. Rapid method for the diagnosis of Bacillus anthracis infection in clinical samples using a hand-held assay. Salisbury Med. Bull. Special Suppl. 87 1996 36 37","journal-title":"Salisbury Med. Bull. Special Suppl."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.10.5.615-621.1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1996.tb02524.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.30.5.485-490.1935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198507000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-44-1-38"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02184697"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1989.tb00650.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"301","article-title":"Detection of tularemia in European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) in Austria.","volume":"84","author":"Hofer E.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hofer E. Schildorfer H. Flatscher J. M\u00fcller M. Detection of tularemia in European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) in Austria. Wien. Tier\u00e4rztl. Monatsschr. 84 1997 301 306","journal-title":"Wien. Tier\u00e4rztl. Monatsschr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.7.1601-1608.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/br.30.3.532-538.1966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.6.973-979.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.1.152-154.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-33-4-872"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"Olsufjev\nN. G.\nTularemia.\n1974Presented at the WHO Inter-regional traveling seminar on natural foci of zoonoses. Moscow USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7012(86)90022-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.280590402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.5.1045-1048.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6215(91)80036-M"}],"container-title":["Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CDLI.7.1.86-90.2000","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CDLI.7.1.86-90.2000","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T04:16:28Z","timestamp":1645589788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CDLI.7.1.86-90.2000"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CDLI.7.1.86-90.2000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cdli.7.1.86-90.2000","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-412X","1098-6588"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-412X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6588","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1999-03-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1999-10-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2000-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}