{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:07:41Z","timestamp":1760188061474},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]],"date-time":"2000-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":951868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The human T-cell lymphrotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is causally related to adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma and the neurodegenerative diseases tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. In the United States the prevalence of infection has been estimated to range from 0.016 to 0.1% on the basis of serologic tests for antibodies to the viral structural proteins. Blood from donors positive for antibodies to HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 is not used for transfusion. However, patients with the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma mycosis fungoides (MF) are HTLV-1 and -2 seronegative yet harbor proviral sequences identical to those that encode the HTLV-1 transactivating and transforming gene product p40<jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic>in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and they usually have antibodies to p40<jats:sup><jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>. Moreover, a study of 250 randomly selected blood donors revealed that approximately 8% of these seronegative individuals also had HTLV-1<jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic>sequences and antibodies to p40<jats:sup><jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>, while they lacked sequences and antibodies related to<jats:italic>gag<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic>, or<jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic>. Thus, it seemed important to determine whether the \u201c<jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic>-only\u201d state can be transmitted by transfusion. To this end, PBMCs from HTLV-1 and -2 seronegative<jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic>-only-positive MF patients or from healthy<jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic>-only-positive blood donors were injected into adult rabbits, an established animal model for HTLV-1 infection. The PBMCs of all injected rabbits became<jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic>sequence positive. These observations suggest that HTLV-1<jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic>can be transmitted by<jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic>-only-positive mononuclear cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.7.2.274-278.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:55:30Z","timestamp":1027763730000},"page":"274-278","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transmission of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax to Rabbits by<i>tax<\/i>-Only-Positive Human Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Dorothea","family":"Zucker-Franklin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bette A.","family":"Pancake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parviz","family":"Lalezari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Bergen Community Regional Blood Center, Paramus, New Jersey2"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manoochehr","family":"Khorshidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Bergen Community Regional Blood Center, Paramus, New Jersey2"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199600001-00018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"736","article-title":"Licensure of screening tests for antibody to human T lymphotropic virus type I.","volume":"37","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1988","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Licensure of screening tests for antibody to human T lymphotropic virus type I. 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