{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T18:13:14Z","timestamp":1767982394844,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]],"date-time":"2001-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1004572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Urinary tract infections are common in infants and children. Pyelonephritis may result in serious complications, such as renal scarring, hypertension, and renal failure. Identification of the timing of release of inflammatory cytokines in relation to pyelonephritis and its treatment is essential for designing interventions that would minimize tissue damage. To this end, we measured urinary cytokine concentrations of interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-6, and IL-8 in infants and children with pyelonephritis and in healthy children. Children that presented to our institution with presumed urinary tract infection were given the diagnosis of pyelonephritis if they had a positive urine culture, pyuria, and one or more of the following indicators of systemic involvement: fever, elevated peripheral white blood cell count, or elevated C-reactive protein. Urine samples were obtained at the time of presentation prior to the administration of antibiotics, immediately after completion of the first dose of antibiotics, and at follow up 12 to 24 h after presentation. IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Creatinine concentrations were also determined, and cytokine\/creatinine ratios were calculated to standardize samples. Differences between preantibiotic and follow-up cytokine\/creatinine ratios were significant for IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-8 (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01). Differences between preantibiotic and control cytokine\/creatinine ratios were also significant for IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-8 (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01). Our study revealed that the urinary tract cytokine response to infection is intense but dissipates shortly after the initiation of antibiotic treatment. This suggests that renal damage due to inflammation begins early in infection, underscoring the need for rapid diagnosis and intervention.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.8.6.1060-1063.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:55:30Z","timestamp":1027763730000},"page":"1060-1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cytokine Profiles of Pediatric Patients Treated with Antibiotics for Pyelonephritis: Potential Therapeutic Impact"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kari","family":"Kassir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Harbor-UCLA Department of Pediatric Critical Care,1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ofelia","family":"Vargas-Shiraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases,2 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Zaldivar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Division of Pediatric Immune and Inflammatory Diseases and UC Irvine Department of Medicine,3 Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California 92868"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Division of Pediatric Immune and Inflammatory Diseases and UC Irvine Department of Medicine,3 Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California 92868"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasjit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases,2 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Arrieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases,2 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1973.03230100027008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.6.1005"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"169A","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-1\u03b1 and -\u03b2 and IL-6 in urine and serum of children urinary tract infection (UTI): diagnostic implications.","volume":"37","author":"Arrieta A. 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