{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:54:57Z","timestamp":1784192097046,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]],"date-time":"2001-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1004572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Although the current indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) diagnostic antibody test for human babesiosis is sensitive and specific, an immunoblot antibody test may be easier to standardize and to perform. Our objective, therefore, was to determine the efficacy of and develop interpretive criteria for an immunoblot antibody test for diagnosing acute human babesiosis using a\n            <jats:italic>Babesia microti<\/jats:italic>\n            whole-cell lysate as the antigen. We compared the reactivity of sera to a\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            immunoblot assay in 24 human subjects experiencing symptoms and expressing laboratory evidence of babesiosis, 28 subjects who experienced Lyme disease, 12 subjects who experienced human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and 51 subjects who reported no history of any of these diseases and whose sera did not react against\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            antigen in an IFA test. Immunoblot strips were impregnated with proteins derived from the GI strain of\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            that had been electrophoresed in an acrylamide sodium dodecyl sulfate gel, followed by electroblotting onto nitrocellulose membranes. The sera of all subjects who experienced babesiosis reacted against the\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            antigen in the IFA and against at least one of nine immunoblot protein bands specific to\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            . In contrast, none of the sera from people who appeared not to have experienced this infection reacted against the\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            antigen in the IFA (compared to 4% in the immunoblot assay). When two reactive bands were considered as definitive, immunoblot test sensitivity was 96%, while specificity was 99% and predictive positivity and predictive negativity were 96 and 99%, respectively. Our\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            immunoblot procedure shows promise as a sensitive, specific, and reproducible assay for routine clinical diagnosis of acute babesiosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.8.6.1177-1180.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:56:57Z","timestamp":1027763817000},"page":"1177-1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Diagnosis of Babesiosis Using an Immunoblot Serologic Test"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Raymond","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Departments of Clinical Microbiology1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Pediatrics2 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis,3 University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Radolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis,3 University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Pediatrics2 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Spielman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,4 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Pediatrics2 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->Immunetics Corporation, Inc., Cambridge,5 Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.12.3090-3095.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(80)90232-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-7-199604010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.1.1-4.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807163390304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530450047031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.4.923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.8.2014-2016.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.6.1019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502023320504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.8.2097-2103.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197710132971511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.2.450-454.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.30.010185.002255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350420087023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.9.4350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314663"}],"container-title":["Clinical 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