{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:34:32Z","timestamp":1791056072392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]],"date-time":"2002-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1020211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinically visceral leishmaniasis is suspected in only a fraction of infected persons, as the majority of these may not have clinical manifestations and remain asymptomatic. There is scanty information on diagnosing latent infections and predicting disease in asymptomatic persons. We therefore carried out a study on asymptomatic contacts of patients with visceral leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis by using methods for detection of antibody to recombinant K39 (rK39) antigen. A total of 240 patients with leishmaniasis and 150 asymptomatic contacts were tested for anti-rK39 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies. Fifty-five asymptomatic persons were found to be seropositive. These individuals were monitored every 3 months for 1 year. On follow-up, 43.9% of the asymptomatic seropositive contacts developed kala-azar within the first 3 months, and a cumulative total of 69% developed kala-azar within 1 year. The rest remained asymptomatic and self-healed the infection. The sensitivity and specificity of rK39 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dipstick tests were 100%, while an in-house-developed latex agglutination test had 80% sensitivity. The antibody profile showed that the IgG anti-rK39 antibodies reached a titer of up to 10<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>within 6 months of infection, started declining thereafter, and completely disappeared in 2 to 3 years in successfully treated cases. Significant titers of IgA antibodies were detectable a little earlier than those of IgG antibodies and were undetectable after 6 months. The study showed that mass screening of family members and contacts by using anti-rK39 ELISA could be a highly reliable tool for early diagnosis and to plan prophylactic treatment of latently infected asymptomatic carriers to eradicate kala-azar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.9.3.568-572.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:09:29Z","timestamp":1027764569000},"page":"568-572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Predicting Kala-Azar Disease Manifestations in Asymptomatic Patients with Latent<i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>Infection by Detection of Antibody against Recombinant K39 Antigen"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sarman","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veena","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niti","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(92)90249-2","volume":"8","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ashford, R. W., P. Desjeux, and P. de Readt. 1992. Estimation of population at risk of infection and number of cases of leishmaniasis. Parasitol. Today8:104-105.","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.3.758","volume":"173","year":"1996","unstructured":"Badaro, R., D. Benson, M. C. Eulalio, M. Freire, S. Cunha, E. M. Netto, D. Pedral-Sampaio, C. Madureira, J. M. Burns, R. L. Houghton, J. R. David, and S. G. Reed. 1996. rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis. J. Infect. Dis.173:758-761.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.153","volume":"63","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bern, C., S. N. Jha, A. B. Joshi, G. D. Thakur, and M. B. Bista. 2000. Use of recombinant K39 dipstick test and the direct agglutination test in a setting endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.63:153-157.","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.2.775","volume":"90","year":"1993","unstructured":"Burns, J. M., W. G. Shreffler, D. R. Benson, H. W. Ghalib, R. Badaro, and S. G. Reed. 1993. Molecular characterisation of a kinesin-related antigen of Leishmania chagasi that detects specific antibody in African and American visceral leishmaniasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA90:775-779.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"1185","volume":"28","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chandra, J., R. N. Rai, S. K. Mittal, and D. Sharma. 1991. Kala-azar without hepatosplenomegaly. Indian Paediatr.28:1185-1186.","journal-title":"Indian Paediatr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"15","volume":"92","year":"1997","unstructured":"D'Oliveira, A., Jr., S. R. M. Costa, A. B. Barbosa, M. L. G. O. Orge, and E. M. Carvalho. 1997. Asymptomatic Leishmania chagasi infection in relatives and neighbors of patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz92:15-20.","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"1129","volume":"166","year":"1992","unstructured":"Evans, T. G., M. J. Teizeira, I. T. Mc Auliffe, I. Vasconceles, A. W. Vasconceles, A. D. Sousa, J. W. Lima, and R. D. Pearson. 1992. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil. J. Infect. Dis.166:1129-1132.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.49.308","volume":"49","year":"1993","unstructured":"Grogle, M., J. L. Daugirda, D. L. Hoover, A. J. Magill, and J. D. Berman. 1993. Survivability and infectivity of viscerotropic Leishmania tropica from Operation Desert Storm participants in human blood products maintained under blood bank conditions. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.49:308-315.","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Indian Council of Medical Research. 2000. Report of Indian Council of Medical Research-World Health Organization Joint Symposium on Treatment and Control of Kala-azar. Indian Council of Medical Research New Delhi."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37.","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-26-1-37","volume":"26","year":"1988","unstructured":"Limet, J. N., A. Berbinschi, A. Cloeckaert, C. L. Cambiaso, and P. L. Massom. 1988. Longitudinal study of brucellosis in mice by immunoassay of lipopolysaccharide-related antigens in blood and urine. J. Med. Microbiol.26:37.","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"443","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sanyal, R. K. 1985. Leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent, p. 443-467. In K. P. Chang and R. S. Bray (ed.), Leishmaniasis. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","journal-title":"Leishmaniasis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1996.36996420769.x","volume":"36","year":"1996","unstructured":"Singh, S., V. P. Chaudhary, and J. P. Wali. 1996. Transfusion-transmitted kala-azar in India. Transfusion36:848-849.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"73","volume":"31","year":"1999","unstructured":"Singh, S., A. Biswas, N. Wig, P. Aggarwal, R. Sood, and J. P. Wali. 1999. A new focus of kala-azar cases in Kumaon region of India. J. Commun. Dis.31:73-77.","journal-title":"J. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.2307\/3284056","volume":"81","year":"1995","unstructured":"Singh, S., S. G. Reed, A. G. Sacks, and K. P. Chang. 1995. Diagnostic and prognostic value of rK39 antigen in Indian leishmaniasis. J. Parasitol.81:1000-1003.","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"1379","volume":"345","year":"1995","unstructured":"Singh, S., N. Singh, and K. A. Razavi. 1995. Tuberculosis following immunosuppressive treatment after exposure to toxic smoke. Lancet345:1379-1380.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniasis. 1990. Control of the leishmaniases. Technical Report Series no. 793. World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.11.6.1199.2004","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000}}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CDLI.9.3.568-572.2002","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CDLI.9.3.568-572.2002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T00:35:10Z","timestamp":1704501310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CDLI.9.3.568-572.2002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CDLI.9.3.568-572.2002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cdli.9.3.568-572.2002","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.6.1199.2004","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2001-09-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-01-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}