{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T17:55:37Z","timestamp":1694627737555},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]],"date-time":"2002-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1025481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Even though cigarette smoking has been shown to suppress immune responses in the lungs, little is known about the effect of cigarette smoke components on respiratory infections. In the present study, the effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on bacterial replication in alveolar macrophages and the immune responses of macrophages to infection were examined. Furthermore, a possible immunotherapeutic effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), a major form of tea catechins, on the CSC-induced suppression of antimicrobial activity and immune responses of alveolar macrophages was also determined. The treatment of murine alveolar macrophage cell line (MH-S) cells with CSC significantly enhanced the replication of<jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>in macrophages and selectively down-regulated the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) induced by bacterial infection. The treatment of macrophages with EGCg not only overcame the CSC-induced suppression of antimicrobial activity but also strengthened the resistance of macrophages to infection. EGCg also markedly up-regulated the CSC-suppressed IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 production by macrophages in response to infection. The results of exogenous TNF-\u03b1 treatment and neutralization treatment with anti-TNF-\u03b1 and anti-gamma-interferon (IFN-\u03b3) antibodies and the determination of IFN-\u03b3 mRNA levels indicate that CSC-suppressed macrophages can be activated by EGCg to inhibit<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>growth by up-regulation of TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 production. Thus, this study revealed that CSC selectively alters the immune responses of macrophages to<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>infection and leads to an enhancement of bacterial replication in macrophages. In addition, the tea catechin EGCg can diminish such suppressive effects of CSC on alveolar macrophages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.9.4.864-871.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,28]],"date-time":"2002-07-28T23:07:23Z","timestamp":1027897643000},"page":"864-871","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Epigallocatechin Gallate, a Potential Immunomodulatory Agent of Tea Components, Diminishes Cigarette Smoke Condensate-Induced Suppression of Anti-<i>Legionella pneumophila<\/i>Activity and Cytokine Responses of Alveolar Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kazuto","family":"Matsunaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herman","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1636092","volume":"257","year":"1992","unstructured":"Barral-Netto, M., A. Barral, C. E. Brownell, Y. A. Skeiky, L. R. Ellingsworth, D. R. Twardzik, and S. G. Reed. 1992. Transforming growth factor-beta in leishmanial infection: a parasite escape mechanism. Science257:545-548.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.8.2662","volume":"137","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, N., T. W. Nash, and M. A. Horwitz. 1986. Interferon-gamma-activated human monocytes inhibit the intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila. J. Immunol.137:2662-2669.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5425","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.10.5425","volume":"151","year":"1993","unstructured":"Denis, M., and E. Ghadirian. 1993. IL-10 neutralization augments mouse resistance to systemic Mycobacterium avium infections. J. Immunol.151:5425-5430.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.12.5149-5156.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.1.269-271.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.43.1.314-319.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(98)00007-0","volume":"9","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gessani, S., and F. Belardelli. 1998. IFN-gamma expression in macrophages and its possible biological significance. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.9:117-123.","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.1998.12.389","volume":"104","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hays, J. T., L. C. Dale, R. D. Hurt, and I. T. Croghan. 1998. Trends in smoking-related diseases. Why smoking cessation is still the best medicine. Postgrad. Med.104:56-62, 65-66, 71.","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(92)90059-Q","volume":"21","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ho, C. T., Q. Chen, H. Shi, K. Q. Zhang, and R. T. Rosen. 1992. Antioxidative effect of polyphenol extract prepared from various Chinese teas. Prev. Med.21:520-525.","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110923","volume":"71","year":"1983","unstructured":"Horwitz, M. A. 1983. Cell-mediated immunity in Legionnaires' disease. J. Clin. Investig.71:1686-1697.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8097338","volume":"260","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hsieh, C. S., S. E. Macatonia, C. S. Tripp, S. F. Wolf, A. O'Garra, and K. M. Murphy. 1993. Development of TH1 CD4+ T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeria-induced macrophages. Science260:547-549.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(93)90323-R","volume":"1147","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ikigai, H., T. Nakae, Y. Hara, and T. Shimamura. 1993. Bactericidal catechins damage the lipid bilayer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1147:132-136.","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/20.11.2117","volume":"20","year":"1999","unstructured":"Katiyar, S. K., A. Challa, T. S. McCormick, K. D. Cooper, and H. Mukhtar. 1999. Prevention of UVB-induced immunosuppression in mice by the green tea polyphenol (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate may be associated with alterations in IL-10 and IL-12 production. Carcinogenesis20:2117-2124.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.49.1.98","volume":"49","year":"1991","unstructured":"Klein, T. W., Y. Yamamoto, H. K. Brown, and H. Friedman. 1991. Interferon-gamma induced resistance to Legionella pneumophila in susceptible A\/J mouse macrophages. J. Leukoc. Biol.49:98-103.","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.10.4402-4406.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.12.4980-4983.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.24.3.4359","volume":"24","year":"2001","unstructured":"Matsunaga, K., T. W. Klein, H. Friedman, and Y. Yamamoto. 2001. Alveolar macrophage cell line MH-S is valuable as an in vitro model for Legionella pneumophila infection. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.24:326-331.","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6518","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.11.6518","volume":"167","year":"2001","unstructured":"Matsunaga, K., T. W. Klein, H. Friedman, and Y. Yamamoto. 2001. Involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in suppression of antimicrobial activity and cytokine responses of alveolar macrophages to Legionella pneumophila infection by nicotine. J. Immunol.167:6518-6524.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.6.3947-3953.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.3.8087340","volume":"150","year":"1994","unstructured":"McCrea, K. A., J. E. Ensor, K. Nall, E. R. Bleecker, and J. D. Hasday. 1994. Altered cytokine regulation in the lungs of cigarette smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.150:696-703.","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1139\/w00-072","volume":"46","year":"2000","unstructured":"McHugh, S., Y. Yamamoto, T. W. Klein, and H. Friedman. 2000. Differential expression of IL-1 and TNF receptors in murine macrophages infected with virulent vs. avirulent Legionella pneumophila. Can. J. Microbiol.46:885-891.","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1373.2000.22420.x","volume":"224","year":"2000","unstructured":"McHugh, S. L., C. A. Newton, Y. Yamamoto, T. W. Klein, and H. Friedman. 2000. Tumor necrosis factor induces resistance of macrophages to Legionella pneumophila infection. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.224:191-196.","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)00161-C","volume":"18","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mukherjee, S., T. Nayyar, F. Chytil, and S. K. Das. 1995. Mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke exposure increases retinol in guinea pig lungs. Free Radic. Biol. Med.18:507-514.","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.12.2103","volume":"187","year":"1998","unstructured":"Munder, M., M. Mallo, K. Eichmann, and M. Modolell. 1998. Murine macrophages secrete interferon gamma upon combined stimulation with interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18: a novel pathway of autocrine macrophage activation. J. Exp. Med.187:2103-2108.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.61.1981","volume":"61","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nakagawa, K., S. Okuda, and T. Miyazawa. 1997. Dose-dependent incorporation of tea catechins, (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and (\u2212)-epigallocatechin, into human plasma. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.61:1981-1985.","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3978","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.11.3978","volume":"140","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nash, T. W., D. M. Libby, and M. A. Horwitz. 1988. IFN-gamma-activated human alveolar macrophages inhibit the intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila. J. Immunol.140:3978-3981.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.107751","volume":"106","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ouyang, Y., N. Virasch, P. Hao, M. T. Aubrey, N. Mukerjee, B. E. Bierer, and B. M. Freed. 2000. Suppression of human IL-1beta, IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha production by cigarette smoke extracts. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.106:280-287.","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.6.2528","volume":"157","year":"1996","unstructured":"Park, D. R., and S. J. Skerrett. 1996. IL-10 enhances the growth of Legionella pneumophila in human mononuclear phagocytes and reverses the protective effect of IFN-gamma: differential responses of blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. J. Immunol.157:2528-2538.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1997.0255","volume":"36","year":"1997","unstructured":"Piatti, G., T. Gazzola, and L. Allegra. 1997. Bacterial adherence in smokers and non-smokers. Pharmacol. Res.36:481-484.","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.7.3490","volume":"159","year":"1997","unstructured":"Puddu, P., L. Fantuzzi, P. Borghi, B. Varano, G. Rainaldi, E. Guillemard, W. Malorni, P. Nicaise, S. F. Wolf, F. Belardelli, and S. Gessani. 1997. IL-12 induces IFN-gamma expression and secretion in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J. Immunol.159:3490-3497.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(84)90421-5","volume":"148","year":"1984","unstructured":"Read, R. C. 1984. Presidential address. Systemic effects of smoking. Am. J. Surg.148:706-711.","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.2.9808045","volume":"160","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ruiz, M., S. Ewig, M. A. Marcos, J. A. Martinez, F. Arancibia, J. Mensa, and A. Torres. 1999. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.160:397-405.","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"971","volume":"15","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sakagami, H., M. Takeda, K. Sugaya, T. Omata, H. Takahashi, M. Yamamura, Y. Hara, and T. Shimamura. 1995. Stimulation by epigallocatechin gallate of interleukin-1 production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Anticancer Res.15:971-974.","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"270","volume":"92","year":"1978","unstructured":"Shea, J. W., G. L. Huber, L. Holmes, and A. Homans. 1978. The effect of experimental tobacco smoke inhalation on in vitro alveolar macrophage bactericidal function. J. Lab. Clin. Med.92:270-282.","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(95)00208-N","volume":"56","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sherman, M. P., E. E. Aeberhard, V. Z. Wong, M. S. Simmons, M. D. Roth, and D. P. Tashkin. 1995. Effects of smoking marijuana, tobacco or cocaine alone or in combination on DNA damage in human alveolar macrophages. Life Sci.56:2201-2207.","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"323","volume":"77","year":"1986","unstructured":"Simonato, L., and L. Tomatis. 1986. The International Agency for Research on Cancer experience in the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk to humans. Med. Lav.77:323-329.","journal-title":"Med. Lav."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1086\/516530","volume":"176","year":"1997","unstructured":"Skerrett, S. J., G. J. Bagby, R. A. Schmidt, and S. Nelson. 1997. Antibody-mediated depletion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha impairs pulmonary host defenses to Legionella pneumophila. J. Infect. Dis.176:1019-1028.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"L471","volume":"263","year":"1992","unstructured":"Soliman, D. M., and H. L. Twigg III. 1992. Cigarette smoking decreases bioactive interleukin-6 secretion by alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Physiol.263:L471-L478.","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440140115011","volume":"156","year":"1996","unstructured":"Straus, W. L., J. F. Plouffe, T. M. File, Jr., H. B. Lipman, B. H. Hackman, S. J. Salstrom, R. F. Benson, R. F. Breiman, et al. 1996. Risk factors for domestic acquisition of legionnaires disease. Arch. Intern. Med.156:1685-1692.","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/19.10.1771","volume":"19","year":"1998","unstructured":"Suganuma, M., S. Okabe, M. Oniyama, Y. Tada, H. Ito, and H. Fujiki. 1998. Wide distribution of [3H](\u2212)-epigallocatechin gallate, a cancer preventive tea polyphenol, in mouse tissue. Carcinogenesis19:1771-1776.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3412\/jsb.44.669","volume":"44","year":"1989","unstructured":"Toda, M., S. Okubo, R. Ohnishi, and T. Shimamura. 1989. Antibacterial and bactericidal activities of Japanese green tea. Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi44:669-672. (In Japanese.)","journal-title":"Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"3428","volume":"54","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wang, Z. Y., M. T. Huang, Y. R. Lou, J. G. Xie, K. R. Reuhl, H. L. Newmark, C. T. Ho, C. S. Yang, and A. H. Conney. 1994. Inhibitory effects of black tea, green tea, decaffeinated black tea, and decaffeinated green tea on ultraviolet B light-induced skin carcinogenesis in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated SKH-1 mice. Cancer Res.54:3428-3435.","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/42.2.211","volume":"42","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yam, T. S., J. M. Hamilton-Miller, and S. Shah. 1998. The effect of a component of tea (Camellia sinensis) on methicillin resistance, PBP2\u2032 synthesis, and beta-lactamase production in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.42:211-216.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.2.479","volume":"103","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, E., A. Itoh, K. Furuya, H. Miyamoto, S. Abe, and Y. Kawakami. 1993. Release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from human alveolar macrophages is decreased in smokers. Chest103:479-483.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"329","volume":"60","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yamamoto, Y., T. W. Klein, and H. Friedman. 1994. Legionella and macrophages. Immunol. Ser.60:329-348.","journal-title":"Immunol. Ser."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.2.370-375.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.2.1.18-24.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","first-page":"351","volume":"7","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yang, C. S., L. Chen, M. J. Lee, D. Balentine, M. C. Kuo, and S. P. Schantz. 1998. Blood and urine levels of tea catechins after ingestion of different amounts of green tea by human volunteers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev.7:351-354.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CDLI.9.4.864-871.2002","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CDLI.9.4.864-871.2002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T08:13:20Z","timestamp":1682324000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CDLI.9.4.864-871.2002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CDLI.9.4.864-871.2002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cdli.9.4.864-871.2002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-01-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-04-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}